fundamentals of optical waveguides pdf

Placing the analyte on a rough metal surface can provide orders of magnitude enhancement of the measured Raman signal, i.e. B: At. ( Paint Technologists in paint manufacturing companies and home furnishing companies, Research and Development, Quality Assurance, Production, Marketing, Technical Assistants/Executives. Arturs Cinins et al 2022 J. Phys. When using trains of pulses lower than the ablation threshold, the required threshold fluence for the irradiated substrate will be reduced due to the incubation effect [43, 44]. Jiang et al. The excited plasmons then propagate toward the tip apex through the process of adiabatic compression and create a confined EM field at the tip apex [209]. The mechanism of this strategy is that the traditional laser can generate a considerable ablation of transparent substrates via coupling the incident laser with the plasma that came from the metal substrate irradiated by the same light [77, 78]. Befitting Job Functions/Profiles:Front Office Executive/Manager, Sales Executive/Manager, etc. Nucl Instruments Methods Phys Res Sect A Accel Spectrometers, Detect Assoc Equip 571:177181 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2006.10.057, Zumbusch A, Holtom GR, Xie XS (1999) Three-dimensional vibrational imaging by coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering. proposed a controllable surface nanomachine that can be realized by femtosecond laser irradiation using a sharp probe tip to generate the local field enhancement in the near field [127]. The successes of these efforts are documented in this collection of articles. Besides, the laser fluence, working distance, and irradiation time also decide the fabricated feature sizes. Imaging at \( {m}_{\overline{F}}=4 \) (not shown) lacked sufficient signal strength to provide an image of the MLV due to the lack of anti-symmetry in the lipid organisation. As the sample thickness increases (Fig. Electrical Engineering & Computer Science (EECS) < University of In: Characterization of semiconductor heterostructures and nanostructures. Nanoscale 8:56345640 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5NR08548A, Yeo B-S, Schmid T, Zhang W, Zenobi R (2007) Towards rapid nanoscale chemical analysis using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy with Ag-coated dielectric tips. You will not record, copy, publish, or share any part of the test questions or answers in any form (verbal, written) or by any means (manual, electronic) for any purpose. Meanwhile, the average roughness of the side wall is ~259nm, which is much smaller than the structure depth (>400m). A small part of the output of the lasers are launched in optical fibres coupled to photodiodes and connected to a SynchroLock controller, which measures the lasers frequency or phase difference between the master and the slave; the timing jitter was reported to be ~250fs. To this end, quantum control has become an essential tool, as it can make the entangling interaction resilient to sources of noise. Food Production Executive/Manager, Sales Executive/Manager, etc. The type of filter required depends on whether Stokes, anti-Stokes or both are to be measured. .[25]. We further investigate the dynamic behavior of the relevant scattering electrons by a Wigner distribution-like function based on the ISFA. Figure 5(b) shows that the size of an individual microclaw is ~30m, while each micron finger is 3m wide. CARS can even be used as a high temporal and spatial resolution thermography technique and has found applications in electronic and opto-electronic device characterisation [65] and even turbomachinery [66]. In this case, ~20nm nanoline structures can be created inside the SiO2 substrate. Quantum emitters with a -type level structure enable numerous protocols and applications in quantum science and technology. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, Book Lett. The device was operated at a source-drain voltage of 40V and a power density of 25W/mm and had a thermal resistance of 8C/(W/mm). {\displaystyle \scriptstyle \alpha _{\Lambda }} Regenerated grating written after erasure of a type I grating in hydrogenated germanosilicate fiber of all types. Research Assistant, Medical representative, Pharmacist, Chemist, Sales Representative, etc. Ideally the illumination source for Raman measurements should be purely monochromatic, in other words, a single wavelength. The Bragg grating then transduces the strain to the change in wavelength. These are gratings that are reborn at higher temperatures after erasure of gratings, usually type I gratings and usually, though not always, in the presence of hydrogen. The structure of the FBG can vary via the refractive index, or the grating period. J Microsc 218:3745 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2818.2005.01462.x, Potma EO, Xie XS, Muntean L et al (2004) Chemical imaging of photoresists with coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy. raman kavuru. J Biomed Opt 16:021113 https://doi.org/10.1117/1.3533268, Kirsch M, Schackert G, Salzer R, Krafft C (2010) Raman spectroscopic imaging for in vivo detection of cerebral brain metastases. Appl Phys Lett 88:143109 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2191949, Steidtner J, Pettinger B (2008) Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and microscopy on single dye molecules with 15nm resolution. J Appl Phys 118:103102 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4930046, Isobe K, Suda A, Tanaka M et al (2009) Single-pulse coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy employing an octave spanning pulse. In Figure 1(d), the hole drilled in a 100m thick steel foil using a laser fluence of 0.5J/cm2 for the laser pulse duration of 200fs irradiation is shown. By using a tunable repetition rate, the feature size, including the width and depth of such nanoline structures can be further controllable. Adv Phys 13:423482 https://doi.org/10.1080/00018736400101051, Knight DS, White WB (1989) Characterization of diamond films by Raman spectroscopy. In addition to the nanohole structures, the microsphere-assisted femtosecond laser fabrication can also realize arbitrary structures on sample surfaces under noncontact processing. Polymer Chemistry and Characterization Chemistry of polymers Polymer characterization Polymer Synthesis and Properties Synthesis and properties Polymer processing Polymer theology Application of Polymers Polymer testing Polymer technology Polymer blends and composITES, Detailed Syllabus: IEICE The Raman probe light is focused onto the tip-surface cavity to induce LSPR within the tip apex and (in some circumstances) the sample surface. Experimental considerations have been discussed with examples of typical instrumentation used. the probe light shown in Fig. 48 202001. have demonstrated that it is possible to significantly enhance the fraction of unambiguously and instantly recognised in-focus microparticles, in unconstrained flows by co-monitoring CARS-FC with linear scattering of light. The maximum high aspect ratio of created microgroove arrays on sapphire can be up to 10:1 without crack. Exclusive Licensee Xian Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics. The authors [12] report that single-layer MoS2 exhibits a strong in-plane vibrational mode at \( \Delta \overset{\sim }{\nu } \) ~ 384cm1, corresponding to the \( {E}_{2g}^1 \) mode of the bulk 2H-MoS2 crystal. [63] have combined CARS with video rate microscopy to chemically image tissue in vivo. / The Stokes Raman signal for molecules is more intense than the anti-Stokes signal as the population of energy states is governed by thermal statistics [1, 108]. Femtosecond laser irradiation has been regarded as a strong means to create various 3D waveguide structures for different utilizations, exhibiting the advantage of low HAZ, wide feasibility of materials, and ability for mask-free 3D manufacturing [87, 88]. 6a i was obtained in 1s which is two orders of magnitude faster than the conventional-SRS image (top) using the same incident powers, number of pixels and dwell time per pixel. J Chem Phys 76:751752 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.442690, Djaker N, Gachet D, Sandeau N et al (2006) Refractive effects in coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. 5b iv. Trans.Fundamentals. For biological samples, approximately 90% of the peaks are found in the fingerprint spectral region, covering (\( \Delta \overset{\sim }{\nu } \) ~500cm1 to ~1800cm1; \( \Delta \overset{\sim }{\nu } \) is the wavenumber shift defined in the Analysis methods section), with the remaining found in the higher energy CH/OH stretching vibrational modes covering (\( \Delta \overset{\sim }{\nu } \) ~2700cm1 to ~3300cm1) [36]. Langmuir 18:29592961 https://doi.org/10.1021/la011554y, Sanders A, Zhang L, Bowman RW et al (2015) Facile fabrication of spherical nanoparticle-tipped AFM probes for plasmonic applications. There are still many unexplained phenomena since the nonlinear interaction between the femtosecond laser and materials is complicated, which deserved to be further explored and investigated. Fan, and R. Cheng, Smart bio-gel optofluidic MachZehnder interferometers multiphoton-lithographically customized with chemo-mechanical-opto transduction and bio-triggered degradation,, S. Shaikh, D. Singh, M. Subramanian et al., Femtosecond laser induced surface modification for prevention of bacterial adhesion on 45S5 bioactive glass,, A. Daskalova, L. Angelova, A. Carvalho et al., Effect of surface modification by femtosecond laser on zirconia based ceramics for screening of cell-surface interaction,, Z. Wang, Z. du, J. K. Y. Chan, S. H. Teoh, E. S. Thian, and M. Hong, Direct laser microperforation of bioresponsive surface-patterned films with through-hole arrays for vascular tissue-engineering application,, J. N. Wang, Y. Q. Liu, Y. L. Zhang et al., Wearable superhydrophobic elastomer skin with switchable wettability,, A. Royon, Y. Petit, G. Papon, M. Richardson, and L. Canioni, Femtosecond laser induced photochemistry in materials tailored with photosensitive agents [invited],, A. Bellucci, M. Mastellone, M. Girolami et al., Nanocrystalline lanthanum boride thin films by femtosecond pulsed laser deposition as efficient emitters in hybrid thermionic-photovoltaic energy converters,, M. H. Chen, Y. H. Tseng, Y. P. Chao et al., Effects on organic photovoltaics using femtosecond-laser-treated indium tin oxides,, D. Differt, B. Soleymanzadeh, F. Lkermann, C. Strber, W. Pfeiffer, and H. Stiebig, Enhanced light absorption in nanotextured amorphous thin-film silicon caused by femtosecond-laser materials processing,, C. H. Crouch, J. E. Carey, J. M. Warrender, M. J. Aziz, E. Mazur, and F. Y. Gnin, Comparison of structure and properties of femtosecond and nanosecond laser-structured silicon,, R. Torres, V. Vervisch, M. Halbwax et al., Femtosecond laser texturization for improvement of photovoltaic cells: black silicon,, R. Buividas, S. Rektyt, M. Malinauskas, and S. Juodkazis, Nano-groove and 3D fabrication by controlled avalanche using femtosecond laser pulses,, M. Malinauskas, A. ukauskas, G. Bikauskait, R. Gadonas, and S. Juodkazis, Mechanisms of three-dimensional structuring of photo-polymers by tightly focussed femtosecond laser pulses,, K. T. Paula, G. Gal, G. F. B. Almeida et al., Femtosecond laser micromachining of polylactic acid/graphene composites for designing interdigitated microelectrodes for sensor applications,, R. Zhang, C. Huang, J. Wang, H. Zhu, P. Yao, and S. Feng, Micromachining of 4H-SiC using femtosecond laser,, C. Wu, X. Fang, F. Liu, X. Guo, R. Maeda, and Z. Jiang, High speed and low roughness micromachining of silicon carbide by plasma etching aided femtosecond laser processing,, B. Ali, I. V. Litvinyuk, and M. Rybachuk, Femtosecond laser micromachining of diamond: current research status, applications and challenges,, X. Q. Liu, B. F. Bai, Q. D. Chen, and H. B. created microfluidic channels with long lengths and designable 3D structures in porous silica with water immersing and the following postannealing process [145, 146]. Nano Lett 7:27842788 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl071340m, Niu W, Chua YAA, Zhang W et al (2015) Highly symmetric gold nanostars: crystallographic control and surface-enhanced Raman scattering property. Since Kawata et al. Capitaine et al. Thus, the interaction between laser and insulating materials should be realized under high laser intensities, which is sufficient to cause multiphoton absorption. The patterned sapphire can also be used as a Dammann grating and function as an orbital angular momentum generator. A parabolic mirror can be used to mitigate mechanical interference and tightly focus the incident light to the tip apex as well as to collect the Raman signal [196, 197]. graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and fullerenes) and SERS. Especially, the MLA can provide over 105 nanostructure creation synchronously under single-pulse irradiation. Polarisation-resolved optical microscopy is becoming a powerful tool to address molecular orientational distributions into the focal volume of a microscope [68]. Under nonresonant Raman scattering and thermal equilibrium, the ratio of the anti-Stokes and Stokes scattered intensity is given by [109]: where IS and IAS are the intensity of the Stokes and anti-Stokes light, respectively, is Plancks constant divided by 2, k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the temperature associated with the scattering species. These are the reflectivity, the bandwidth, and the side-lobe strength. A Herbst et al 2022 J. Phys. B: At. 3D precision engineering using TPP effect. acknowledges funding from National Natural Science Foundation of China. > Forgotten your password? In the following sections, detail characterization, advantage, limitation, and applications of various strategies for femtosecond laser precision engineering will be discussed. Acousto-optic modulators can also be used in conjunction with an excitation laser to select emissions with a desired wavelength (as a filter) [160] or as a time-gated illumination system in tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based TERS [161]. Mirabito, Michael M. A.; and Morgenstern, Barbara L., This page was last edited on 1 November 2022, at 10:56. Using a bright resonance prepared within an electromagnetically induced transparency window it is possible to achieve high sensitivities, <1 V cm1 Hz1/2, and detect small RF electric fields V cm1 with a modest setup. Typically the grating period is the same size as the Bragg wavelength, as shown above. The easiest method for matching the signal carrying light is to have identical NA and core diameters for each fiber. Production Engineers or Technologists, Quality Control Inspectors and Polymer Specialists. Both the forward scattered light (F-CARS) and epi-scattered light (E-CARS) are spectrally filtered by band-pass filters and are subsequently detected by two avalanche photodiodes. J Phys Chem B 109:2155621565 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp054227y, Mock JJ, Barbic M, Smith DR et al (2002) Shape effects in plasmon resonance of individual colloidal silver nanoparticles. The term applies when the conductors are long enough that the wave nature of the transmission must be taken into account. ), called the Bragg wavelength, is defined by the relationship. The numerical predictions of the spatial optical field distribution of intensity below the silicon AFM tip indicated that the high resolution is attributed to local electric field enhancement. Hence, the LSPRs both confine and enhance the light field in the vicinity of the tips apex. That is why the original paper of 1990 was published in The Journal of Chemical Physics. A generalised expression for dominant terms in resonant CARS is given by the following [51, 119]: where R is the half width at half maximum for the Raman line [51]; AR is a constant representing the Raman scattering cross-section. 4d) has been demonstrated as a means to finely tune the surface plasmon resonance in AFM-based TERS [199, 200, 208, 216]. The molecular orientation is related to the induced electric dipole moment. Opt. At the present date, the spatial resolution of TERS is typically reported to be 1030nm and is largely assumed to scale with the size of the tips apex [103, 155,156,157]. Often, only very few sites exhibit the highest SERS enhancement and the variability in size and shape can alter the plasmonic properties from the desired LSPR [85]. Only a few dust distribute around the hole structures. The challenges and perspectives for the femtosecond laser precision engineering are discussed. By tuning its surface chemical composition [6], structure [7, 8], and lattice structure [9], the functions of photoelectrical devices are feasible to be improved. [32], Matching fibers for improved pump coupling requires optimization of the clad diameter for both the passive and the active fiber. Device temperature rise determined using either E2 or A1 (LO) phonon mode alone (neglecting thermal stress) is shown in the top left insert. The authors are grateful for the support from Academic Research Fund Tier 2, Ministry of Education - Singapore (MOE2019-T2-2-147). Femtosecond-laser-induced multiphoton absorption is applied to achieve the direct laser writing of solid substrates but the resolution is in the region of 100 to 200nm. Nano Lett 10:38683872 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl101399r, Rice C, Young RJ, Zan R et al (2013) Raman-scattering measurements and first-principles calculations of strain-induced phonon shifts in monolayer MoS2. The linear polarisation direction of the pump beam is rapidly rotated while the Stokes polarisation is circularly polarised to avoid polarisation dependence from the Stokes beam. Tips can also be created by electrochemical deposition [204]. With a 444.5nm laser pumping, the crystal with these inscribed waveguides is feasible to generate 605 and 720nm -polarized waveguide lasers, which can achieve 66 and 47mW maximum output powers with efficiencies of 9.5% and 6.3%, respectively. WebMicron-scale waveguides could confine laser transmission in small regions, which leads to large optical intracavity intensity with respect to the nonwaveguide area. The subsequent articles discuss the experiments underway to demonstrate the potential of STIRAP for populating otherwise inaccessible high-lying Rydberg states of molecules, or controlling and cooling the translational motion of particles in a molecular beam or the polarization of angular-momentum states. While the surface temperature of irradiated substrate increases to the melting or even vaporization points, the substrate will transform from solid to liquid or gas, also the plasma generation. In neurological disorders, this compact structure is highly perturbed leading to dysfunctions of the central nervous system [257, 258]. 55 235201. First of all, this method requires the substrates to be transparent at the wavelength of incident laser. This causes the selections rules of Raman scattering to become relaxed, allowing forbidden Raman modes to become visible in the vicinity of the local curvature [219]. [155] indirectly estimated the spatial resolution of their technique to be less than 90nm by taking the profile of the 2D-band signal across the axis of the MWCNT. Opt Express 17:22879 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.022879, Camp Charles HJ, Yegnanarayanan S, Eftekhar AA, Adibi A (2011) Label-free flow cytometry using multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (MCARS) for the analysis of biological specimens. Figure 5 iii shows the boundary between normal brain tissue, white matter and tumour masses, which contrasts lipids in red (\( \Delta \overset{\sim }{\nu } \) = 2850cm1); CH3 stretch-CH2 stretch (\( \Delta \overset{\sim }{\nu } \) = 2944 2850cm1), a general contrast; and nuclei in blue (\( \Delta \overset{\sim }{\nu } \) = 785cm1). Nat Mater 2:229232 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat852, Haynes CL, Van Duyne RP (2003) Dichroic optical properties of extended nanostructures fabricated using angle-resolved nanosphere lithography. a adapted from [162]. Kiyoshi Ueda et al 2019 J. Phys. In: Hawley TS, Hawley RG (eds) Flow cytometry protocols. d Typical TERS setup. In this work, we investigate effects of the secular and the nonsecular part of the dipolar coupling on the environment-induced entanglement using a recently-proposed fluctuation-regulated quantum master equation (Chakrabarti and Bhattacharyya 2018 Phys. Phys. Mol. The last key challenge is how to realize nanomanufacturing of feature size smaller than the optical diffraction limit. Papers suitable for publication significantly advance our understanding of nanophotonic materials and structures and cover topics such as: Optical fiber temperature sensor with Vernier effect formed by MachZehnder interferometer cascaded Sagnac interferometer based on Hollow-core photonic crystal fiber, Discrete global optimization algorithms for the inverse design of silicon photonics devices, Hybrid inverse design of photonic structures by combining optimization methods with neural networks, Machine learning models for photonic crystals band diagram prediction and gap optimisation, Versatile optical beam routers based on inversely designed supercell metagratings, Feature-based machine learning for the efficient design of nanophotonic structures. The subpopulations of species, such as mixed polymer beads and 3T3-L1 cells, could be separated and distinguished through compositional principle component analysis (CPCA) of the SRS signals. An introduction to the physics and mathematics of multipartite entangled CV cluster states is given, and their connection to experimental concepts is delineated. This module will be relevant for profiles such as Statistician, Data Analyst, Data Scientist, Financial Analyst, Mathematician, Market Research Analyst, Actuary etc. Small 11:21392143 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201402639, Sigle DO, Perkins E, Baumberg JJ, Mahajan S (2013) Reproducible deep-UV SERRS on aluminum nanovoids. Tomita et al. However, the SRS threshold can be significantly reduced by extending the length of the pump and Stokes field interaction with an optical resonator, such as internal reflection in a droplet of liquid. The surface of AFM tips becomes nanostructured during the coating process resembling aggregated nanoparticles on the semiconducting tip (Fig. Wikipedia Nano Lett 10:49524955 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl102963g, Ding T, Herrmann LO, de Nijs B et al (2015) Self-aligned colloidal lithography for controllable and tuneable plasmonic nanogaps. The vertical axis ordinate is linear and proportional to intensity. Ying Han et al 2022 J. Phys. By lifting the microsphere up with a special holder, the working distance of this strategy can be increased to several micrometers. In Part A the experimental success of STIRAP in manipulating or controlling molecules, photons, ions or even quantum systems in a solid-state environment is documented. Figure 3a shows a typical Raman setup based on a confocal geometry used by Wiedemeier et al. Nat Commun 4(2592) https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3592, Raman CV, Krishnan KS (1929) The production of new radiations by light scattering. The linewidth of a laser is usually measured in Hertz and is typically >1MHz for solid-state lasers used in Raman applications.

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