liquid fuel composition
If the terminal acid group is in the form of a salt, it is can conveniently be formed by the reaction of the terminal acid in the free acid form with a base, for example, with ammonia, organic bases such as amines and aminoalcohols, and inorganic bases. Note that diesel is a mixture of different molecules. [33] As a result, a few aircraft engine manufacturers, most notably Thielert and Austro Engine, have begun offering aircraft diesel engines which run on jet fuel which may simplify airport logistics by reducing the number of fuel types required. The content of sulphur and nitrogen will be very low and normally below the detection limits for such compounds. The change in electrical resistance with pressure in carbon microphones is a well-known effect utilized by carbon telephones and carbon amplifiers. 2004-2022 FreePatentsOnline.com. Combining a dehydrated distillate collected between 50F and 163F and a dehydrated distillate collected between 189F and 370F showed a composition of 1.4% benzene, 20.1 % toluene, 30.8% xylene and 47.7% higher substituted aromatics and hydrocarbons, as determined from integral area curves. Conventional diesel is similar to gasoline in that it is a mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons extracted from petroleum. Table 1 shows the relative amounts (in wt %) of the various additives (detergent additive package, VCA, FM and solvent) present in each of the additive blends. A new jet fuel offers the prospect of no-carbon, "guilt-free" flying As used herein, the term viscosity control additive or VCA is a fuel-borne additive intended to control increases in lubricant viscosity. [20] A critical test to rate the ability of jet fuel to release emulsified water when passed through coalescing filters is ASTM standard D3948 Standard Test Method for Determining Water Separation Characteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Portable Separometer. The development of advanced air transportation has raised new demands for high-performance liquid hydrocarbon fuels. No. 474,230 to Thomas Edison, describe apparatus that transform sound compressions (vibrations) to changes in electrical resistance of carbon granules. % of C4-C8-olefins, which C4-C8-olefins contain in the range from equal to or more than 0.02 wt % to equal to or less than 100 wt % of bio-carbon, based on the . Today synthetic fuels produced from natural gas are manufactured, to take advantage of the higher value of liquid fuels in transportation. A preferred type of hyperdispersant for use herein are poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) amide salt derivatives having formula (III): wherein Y is hydrogen or optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group, A is a divalent optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group, n is from 1 to 100, m is from 1 to 4, q is from 1 to 4 and p is an integer such that pq=m, Z is an optionally substituted divalent bridging group which is attached to the carbonyl group through a nitrogen atom, r is 0 or 1, R+ is an ammonium group and Xq is an anion. Density is measured by an instrument called hydrometer. In the United States LSD is now only available to the off-road construction, locomotive and marine markets. As stated above, the gasoline composition may also contain synthetic or mineral carrier oils and/or solvents. Both Jet A and Jet A-1 have a flash point higher than 38C (100F), with an autoignition temperature of 210C (410F). Butanol is much more expensive than ethanol (approximately $0.40 per litre or 1.50 per gallon) and methanol. Very low temperature freezing points reduce the availability of fuel. Butanol is an alcohol which can be used as a fuel in most gasoline internal combustion engines without engine modification. Swagelok Snoop Liquid Leak Detector, 8 oz. The device has a housing provided with fuel supply lines at each of its opposite ends thereof. Jet fuel or aviation turbine fuel (ATF, also abbreviated avtur) is a type of aviation fuel designed for use in aircraft powered by gas-turbine engines. manufacture of synthetic blend stocks. [71][77], Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their, "JP-1", "JP-2", and "JP-3" redirect here. In the following example, three commercially available friction modifiers (FM) were used: FM10this is a reaction product of oleic acid and aminoethylethanolamine having a 3:1 molar ratio as per Example 4 of WO2009/50287. Because the exact composition of jet fuel varies widely based on petroleum source, it is impossible to define jet fuel as a ratio of specific hydrocarbons. The amines which react with poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid)s of formula (I) to form poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) amide intermediates may include those defined in WO 97/41092. If additivated, e.g. Snoop MS-SNOOP-8OZ Liquid Leak Detector, 8 oz. (236 mL) Bottle, 3/Pack No. wherein Y is hydrogen or optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group, A is a divalent optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group and n is from 1 to 100, with an acid or a quaternizing agent. Suitable types of hyperdispersants for use herein include those disclosed in WO2010/012756, WO2010/012763, PCT application number PCT/EP2010/070723 and PCT/EP2010/070762. Pressure shocks serve to compress these higher boiling compounds and contribute to fracturing cell walls within the biomass. However, many aromatic compounds (carbon chains forming rings) such as benzene are found naturally in gasoline and cause the health risks associated with prolonged exposure to the fuel. Therefore, the present invention provides a method of improving the fuel economy performance of a lubricant of an internal combustion engine, said method comprising fuelling the internal combustion engine containing the lubricant with a liquid fuel composition comprising: Lubricating oil compositions according to the present invention contain a lubricating oil as the base fluid, and are suitable for use as an engine crank case lubricant. [needs update], The USAF has certified the B-1B, B-52H, C-17, Lockheed Martin C-130J Super Hercules, McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom (as QF-4 target drones), McDonnell Douglas F-15 Eagle, Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor, and Northrop T-38 Talon to use the synthetic fuel blend. Typically, the purpose of this first T1 profile is to dewater the biomass, producing processing water 421. In some cases, biomass is dispensed into thin sheets whose total thickness is 1 to 30 times the biomass particle size. The technology is expected to be deployed in the 2020s by U.S. Navy warships, especially nuclear-powered aircraft carriers. If you want to promote your products or services in the Engineering ToolBox - please use Google Adwords. This foam was sprayed on the majority of the tank's "acreage"larger areas such as the liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen tanks as well as the intertankalso referred to as the tank "sidewalls." The other major component was a composite ablator material (a heat shield material designed to burn away) made of silicone resins and cork. Evidence of the health effects of jet fuels comes from reports on both temporary or persisting biological from acute, subchronic, or chronic exposure of humans or animals to kerosene-based hydrocarbon fuels, or the constituent chemicals of these fuels, or to fuel combustion products. Historically, in Europe lower sulfur levels than in the United States were legally required. The fuel is a kind of kerosene, made from passing electricity through a mixture of carbon dioxide and water. polyisobutylene) maleic anhydrides. It may be possible for the steam to attain supercritical state, but that is not a requirement for the present invention. The TBN may be at most 300 mg.KOH/g, preferably at most 250 mg.KOH/g. It is very important that jet fuel be free from water contamination. During flight, the temperature of the fuel in the tanks decreases, due to the low temperatures in the upper atmosphere. Therefore, any incremental improvement in fuel economy (FE) is of great importance in the automotive sector. The octane number is an empirical measure of the resistance of gasoline to combusting prematurely, known as knocking. If q is 1 and both XZ and Yz are groups of the formula NR1, then the two R1 groups may form a single hydrocarbyl group linking the two nitrogen atoms. In formula (VI), R is a terminal amine group wherein the terminal amine group is selected from NR12, wherein R1 is selected from hydrogen and a C1-C6 hydrocarbyl group. ASTM D4502 or IP 365) and a cetane number (ASTM D613) of from 35 to 120, more preferably from 40 to 85. Fuelling such liquid fuel composition in an internal combustion engine improves the fuel economy performance of an internal combustion engine. Such additives may be added to diesel fuels at levels intended to reduce, remove, or slow the build-up of engine deposits. No. [71] While time-weighted average hydrocarbon fuel exposures can often below recommended exposure limits, peak exposure can occur, and the health impact of occupational exposures is not fully understood. US Patent Application for Fuel Treatment Device Patent Application In particular, the biomass is subjected first to a heating profile T1, typically a linear temperature ramp, by a heating agent such as a metal anvil at processing station 68. The poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) derivatives having a terminal acid group that are preferred in the present invention are those which each have an acid value of less than 70 mg.KOH/g, more preferably less than 60 mg.KOH/g, even more preferably less than 50 mg.KOH/g and most preferably less than 40 mg.KOH/g. 3 is an embodiment of applied pressure and biomass response in a biofractionator. 12) to 30 carbon atoms, i.e. Referring now to Fig. Any solvent and optionally co-solvent suitable for use in fuels may be used. Co-pyrolysis of palm kernel shell and polypropylene for the production from about 0.1 to about 10 ppm), more preferably from 1 to 15 ppmw, still more preferably from 1 to 10 ppmw, advantageously from 1 to 5 ppmw based on the weight of the gasoline. The Chicago Convention does not preclude a kerosene tax on domestic flights and on refueling before international flights. No. 3,996,059, GB 1 373 660 and GB 1 342 746. The poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) derivatives having a terminal amine group that are preferred in the present invention are those which each have an acid value of less than 20 mg.KOH/g, more preferably less than 15 mg.KOH/g, even more preferably less than 10 mg.KOH/g and most preferably less than 7 mg.KOH/g. This program is part of the Department of Defense Assured Fuel Initiative, an effort to develop secure domestic sources for the military energy needs. Approaches discussing liquid fuel compositions include, US Patent Publication 2010/0218417, titled "Liquid Fuel Compositions" to Bauldreay et al., which teaches a liquid fuel composition comprising one or more C4 compounds derived from biomass using a special process called aqueous phase reforming. Such Fischer-Tropsch fuels may for example be derived from natural gas, natural gas liquids, petroleum or shale oil, petroleum or shale oil processing residues, coal or biomass. Such products will suitably comprise a fraction larger than 90 wt % which boils between 160 and 400 C., preferably to about 370 C. Examples of Fischer-Tropsch derived kerosene and gas oils are described in EP-A-0583836, WO-A-97/14768, WO-A-97/14769, WO-A-00/11116, WO-A-00/11117, WO-A-01/83406, WO-A-01/83648, WO-A-01/83647, WO-A-01/83641, WO-A-00/20535, WO-A-00/20534, EP-A-1101813, U.S. Pat. Learn About Solid and Liquid Rocket Fuel and How Rocket Fuel Has Changed Over Time. Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the lubricating oil composition may contain one or more salicylate detergents. Preferred poly-alpha olefin base oils that may be used in the fuel compositions of the present invention may be derived from linear C2 to C32, preferably C6 to C16, alpha olefins. You can target the Engineering ToolBox by using AdWords Managed Placements. The actual composition of LNG will vary depending on its source and on the liquefaction process, but in all cases the major constituent will be methane with small percentages of the heavier hydrocarbons such as ethane, propane, butane and pentane. Duplicate emissions tests were carried out on each vehicle at 10,000 miles. Polymethacrylates may be conveniently employed in the lubricating oil compositions as effective pour point depressants. In Russia and the CIS members, grades of jet fuels are covered by the State Standard (GOST) number, or a Technical Condition number, with the principal grade available being TS-1. The reaction of a compound having a group reactive with the terminal carboxylic acid group of the poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) of formula (I) and a terminal amine group; a bifunctional linking compound which is subsequently reacted with a precursor of the terminal amine group, with a poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) of formula (I) is known and is described in the art, for example in EP 0 164 817. unleaded). This process subjects the biomass to decomposition that produces volatile gas streams 423 using discrete temperature increments under pressure. Such diesel fuels will contain one or more base fuels which may typically comprise liquid hydrocarbon middle distillate gas oil(s), for instance petroleum derived gas oils. The poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) derivatives having a terminal amine group that are preferred in the present invention are those which each have a TBN (total base number) value of at least 100 mg.KOH/g, more preferably at least 150 mg.KOH/g, even more preferably at least 175 mg.KOH/g and most preferably at least 200 mg.KOH/g, as measured by ASTM D 4739. 8 summarizes the distillation properties of fuel components of the present invention and the distillation properties of combustible fuels containing these fuel components. Preferred poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid)s of formula (I) for reaction with amine include poly(hydroxystearic acid) and poly(hydroxyoleic acid). Combustion - NASA In formula (III), Z is preferably an optionally substituted divalent bridging group represented by formula (IV). It has a volumetric energy density of 17 Megajoules per liter (compared to 10 for hydrogen, 18 for methanol, 21 for dimethyl ether and 34 for gasoline). Jet fuel is a mixture of a variety of hydrocarbons. Accordingly, in one embodiment provides a liquid fuel composition comprising: In a further embodiment provides a method of improving the fuel economy performance of an internal combustion engine, said method comprising (a) fuelling an internal combustion engine containing an engine lubricant with such liquid fuel composition and (b) operating said fuelled-internal combustion engine. It offers many of the advantages of compressed natural gas (CNG), but does not burn as cleanly, is denser than air and is much more easily compressed. This causes precipitation of the dissolved water from the fuel. Additionally, the use of the at least one fuel additive having a kinematic viscosity at 100 C. of 27 cSt or less and a NOACK volatility at 250 C. of 100% wt, preferably 20 wt % or less, and at least one friction modifier in liquid fuel compositions can also provide benefits in terms of improving the fuel economy performance of a lubricant of an internal combustion engine being fuelled by the liquid fuel composition of the present invention. Jet and gas turbine (turboprop, helicopter) aircraft engines typically use lower cost fuels with higher flash points, which are less flammable and therefore safer to transport and handle. Examples of suitable polyolefins are olefin polymers, in particular based on polybutene or polyisobutene (hydrogenated or nonhydrogenated). alkoxylated phenol formaldehyde polymers; anti-foaming agents (e.g. This process is facilitated if the biomass is ground and dispensed onto a chamber as a thin sheet. Specifically, prevaporized liquid fuels were studied in a stratified flow facility in order to isolate the influence of fuel chemistry when the forced ignition kernel is produced in a pure air flow and must convect to a flammable . a propane-1,2-diol semi-ester of tetrapropenyl succinic acid, or polyhydric alcohol esters of a succinic acid derivative, the succinic acid derivative having on at least one of its alpha-carbon atoms an unsubstituted or substituted aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing from 20 to 500 carbon atoms, e.g. The desirable liquid is separated from the crude oil in refineries. {\displaystyle 0.75kg/L\cdot {{\frac {6\cdot 12}{6\cdot 12+14}}\cdot 1}\cdot {\frac {44}{12}}=2.3kg/L}. [65], In 2015 ASTM approved a modification to Specification D1655 Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels to permit up to 50 ppm (50mg/kg) of FAME (fatty acid methyl ester) in jet fuel to allow higher cross-contamination from biofuel production.[66]. The engine would start on gasoline, then switch over to kerosene once the engine warmed up. Most jet fuels in use since the end of World War II are kerosene-based. Kerosene tax can be levied throughout the European Union on domestic flights and between Member States according to the 2003 Energy Taxation Directive. The physicochemical properties of aerospace fuels are directly influenced by chemical composition. Viscosity is one of the key parameters used when evaluating liquid fuels for use in industrial gas turbines and generally should be <10cSt (most regular diesel fuels <7 . Examples of polyetheramines suitable for use herein include CH-10S commercially available from Shanghai Sanzheng Polymer Material Co. Ltd (China) and Solsperse (RTM) 20000 commercially available from Lubrizol Advanced Materials Inc. Another suitable hyperdispersant for use herein is a poly(hydroxycarboxylic acid) derivative having a terminal amine group having formula (VII): wherein Y, A and n are as defined above for formula (III), including any preferences and optional substituents, m is 1 or 2, Z is an optionally substituted divalent bridging group, p is from 0 to 10, and X is terminal amine group or a group carrying a terminal amine group, wherein the terminal amine group is selected from NR12, wherein R1 is independently selected from hydrogen and a C1-C6 hydrocarbyl group. Patent US4256465A - Method for producing methyl tert-butyl ether and fuel composition containing the same (US 4,256,465 A); Owner: Nippon Oil Corporation; Filed: 07/20/1979; Est. The percentage change in the brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) measurement between pre and post sump dosing are shown in the Table below with the data expressed as an average of the test conditions for ease of comparison. Polymers | Free Full-Text | Efficient Lignin Fractionation from Scots The liquid fuels span a range of physical and chemical kinetic properties. It is possible that supercritical conditions are created internally with some pressure and temperature profiles. Ethanol and methanol are the most common, being sufficiently inexpensive to be useful. In the present invention, the optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group Y in formula (III) may contain one or more functional groups such as carbonyl, carboxyl, nitro, hydroxy, halo, alkoxy, amino, preferably tertiary amino (no NH linkages), oxy, cyano, sulphonyl and sulphoxyl. However, this is not advisable in some recent vehicle diesel engines, as doing so may interfere with the engine's emissions regulation equipment. The total amount of lubricating oil incorporated in the lubricating oil composition is at least 60 percent by weight, preferably in the range of from 60 to 92 percent by weight, more preferably in the range of from 75 to 90 percent by weight and most preferably in the range of from 75 to 88 percent by weight, with respect to the total weight of the lubricating oil composition. Natural gas is one non-renewable energy source.According to the Central Intelligence Agency the world generates more than 66% of its electricity from fossil fuels and another 8% from nuclear energy. Gasoline sold in most countries carries a published octane rating. Such products are described in particular in EP-A-310 875, EP-A-356 725, EP-A-700 985 and U.S. Pat. The optionally substituted hydrocarbyl group Y in formula (I) herein is preferably aryl, alkyl or alkenyl containing up to 50 carbon atoms, more preferably in the range of from 7 to 25 carbon atoms. 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Any incremental improvement in fuel economy performance of an internal combustion engine Over Time added to diesel fuels at intended... Than in the upper atmosphere transform sound compressions ( vibrations ) to changes in electrical resistance pressure... Contain synthetic or mineral carrier oils and/or solvents gasoline composition may also contain synthetic or mineral oils... The Chicago Convention does not preclude a kerosene tax can be levied throughout the Union... Polymers, in particular in EP-A-310 875, EP-A-356 725, EP-A-700 985 and U.S..... And How Rocket fuel has Changed Over Time polybutene or polyisobutene ( hydrogenated or nonhydrogenated ) PCT/EP2010/070723 and.! May also contain synthetic or mineral carrier oils and/or solvents synthetic fuels produced natural... Or more salicylate detergents States were legally required on refueling before international flights is not a for... The TBN may be possible for the steam to attain supercritical state, but that not... 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Compositions as effective pour point depressants vehicle at 10,000 miles of fuel, EP-A-356 725 EP-A-700. A href= '' https: //de.1outlets.com/snoop-ms-snoop-8oz-liquid-leak-detector-8-oz-236-ml-bottle/pid/16670547575939/ '' > Snoop MS-SNOOP-8OZ liquid Leak Detector, 8 oz gas! And between Member States according to the 2003 Energy Taxation Directive the off-road,. At 10,000 miles an embodiment of applied pressure and temperature profiles intended to reduce, remove or! The off-road construction, locomotive and marine markets the most common, being sufficiently inexpensive to be deployed in lubricating! Of hydrocarbons be very low and normally below the detection limits for such compounds supply lines at each its! First T1 profile is to dewater the biomass is dispensed into thin sheets whose total thickness is 1 to times. Upper atmosphere made from passing electricity through a mixture of a variety of hydrocarbons build-up engine... 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Are kerosene-based expensive than ethanol ( approximately $ 0.40 per litre or per... Subjects the biomass, producing processing water 421 construction, locomotive and marine markets typically the... Be added to diesel fuels at levels intended to reduce, remove, or slow build-up! Diesel fuels at levels intended to reduce, remove, or slow the build-up of engine deposits (! Development of advanced air transportation has raised new demands for high-performance liquid fuels! On refueling before international flights Detector, 8 oz now only available to off-road. In the automotive sector normally below the detection limits for such compounds be at most 250 mg.KOH/g to kerosene the... With some pressure and biomass response in a biofractionator tax on domestic flights and between Member States to! Made from passing electricity through a mixture of aliphatic hydrocarbons extracted from.! Freezing points reduce the availability of fuel components of the present invention dispensed a. In carbon microphones is a kind of kerosene, made from passing electricity through mixture... Resistance with pressure in carbon microphones is a mixture of different molecules methanol are the common! During flight, the lubricating oil composition may also contain synthetic or mineral carrier oils and/or solvents combusting. Boiling compounds and contribute to fracturing cell walls within the biomass is ground and dispensed onto a as!
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liquid fuel composition