germanium semiconductor type

[29], While use of germanium itself does not require precautions, some of germanium's artificially produced compounds are quite reactive and present an immediate hazard to human health on exposure. A large, clean and almost perfect germanium semiconductor is ideal as a counter for radioactivity. What is N-type Semiconductor : Doping & Its Energy Diagram. Under normal conditions GeI4 is a solid, GeF4 a gas and the others volatile liquids. The name semiconductor comes from the fact that these materials have electrical conductivity between a metal, like copper, gold, etc., and an insulator, like glass. Of these, 76Ge is very slightly radioactive, decaying by double beta decay with a half-life of 1.781021years. The recovered germanium is in the form of germanium dioxide powder. In mid-1885, at a mine near Freiberg, Saxony, a new mineral was discovered and named argyrodite because of its high silver content. Many other substances now also are used as semiconductors, but germanium remains of primary importance in the manufacture of transistors and of components for devices such as rectifiers and photocells. N-type semiconductor - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia All of the elements of lower nuclear charge than germanium, except beryllium, boron, scandium, and gallium, are cosmically more abundant than germanium. The cosmic abundance is much less than those of a number of the heavier elements; e.g., bromine, strontium, tin, barium, mercury, and lead. [73][74], Germanium can be alloyed with silicon, and silicon-germanium alloys are rapidly becoming an important semiconductor material for high-speed integrated circuits. Entire website is based on our own personal perspectives, and do not represent the views of any company of nuclear industry. [72], Because germanium is transparent in the infrared wavelengths, it is an important infrared optical material that can be readily cut and polished into lenses and windows. While silicon could be bought in 1998 for less than $10 per kg,[24] the price of germanium was almost $800 per kg. [70] GeSbTe is a phase change material used for its optic properties, such as that used in rewritable DVDs. In its metallic form, germanium is silver in color, hard, and brittle. Co; 1st edition, 1965. type specimen germanium alloy type region Prior art date 1952-08-09 Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. [89], Germanium supplements, made from both organic and inorganic germanium, have been marketed as an alternative medicine capable of treating leukemia and lung cancer. 7 Uses of Germanium in Everyday Life - Characteristics - AZ Chemistry [27], The notable properties of germania (GeO2) are its high index of refraction and its low optical dispersion. In contrast to conductors, electrons in a semiconductor must obtain energy (e.g. Germanium Properties, History and Applications - ThoughtCo To make it p type, trivalent impurities (like Gallium, Indium, Thallium etc) are added, whereas to make in n type, pentavalent impurities (Phosphorus, Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth etc.) The tetrachloride, already mentioned as an intermediate in obtaining germanium from its natural sources, is a volatile, colourless liquid that freezes at about -50 C (-58 F) and boils at 84 C (183.2 F). By marrying p and n type strips of germanium, the element provided the same diode effect. Pure germanium is a semiconductor with an appearance similar to elemental silicon. [52] Germanium has been detected in some of the most distant stars[53] and in the atmosphere of Jupiter. The elemental semiconductors are those composed of single species of atoms, such as silicon (Si), germanium (Ge), and tin (Sn) in column IV and selenium (Se) and tellurium (Te) in column VI of the periodic table. [50], Germanium is created by stellar nucleosynthesis, mostly by the s-process in asymptotic giant branch stars. US2742383A - Germanium junction-type semiconductor devices - Google ISBN-13: 978-0470131480. U.S. Department of Energy, Nuclear Physics and Reactor Theory. Germanium ranks near fiftieth in relative abundance of the elements in the Earth's crust. 2) You may not distribute or commercially exploit the content, especially on another website. In gamma spectroscopy, germanium is preferred due to its atomic number being much higher than silicon, increasing the probability of gamma-ray interaction. Corrections? By using these electrons with semiconductor atom, bonds can be formed with its adjacent atoms. Germanium is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors tin and silicon. Historically, the first decade of semiconductor electronics was based entirely on germanium. [37], The first organogermanium compound was synthesized by Winkler in 1887; the reaction of germanium tetrachloride with diethylzinc yielded tetraethylgermane (Ge(C2H5)4). It is reduced to the element by reacting it with hydrogen, producing germanium suitable for infrared optics and semiconductor production: The germanium for steel production and other industrial processes is normally reduced using carbon:[68], The major end uses for germanium in 2007, worldwide, were estimated to be: 35% for fiber-optics, 30% infrared optics, 15% polymerization catalysts, and 15% electronics and solar electric applications. It is then converted into pure germanium. Germanium's unique characteristics include its transparency to near-infrared electromagnetic radiation (at wavelengths between 1600-1800 nanometers), its high refractive index, and its low optical dispersion. [75] Silicon-germanium is beginning to replace gallium arsenide (GaAs) in wireless communications devices. So, for instance; if an atom-like Boron (B) is added to the germanium (Ge) atom, then three valence electrons will get connected with the germanium atoms to . To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Soluble inorganic forms of germanium used at first, notably the citrate-lactate salt, resulted in some cases of renal dysfunction, hepatic steatosis, and peripheral neuropathy in individuals using them over a long term. Pure germanium is a semiconductor with an appearance similar to elemental silicon. (The name germanium derives from the Latin word Germania [Germany] and was given to the element by Winkler.) ISBN-13: 978-0470131480. Germanium forms stable oxidation states of +2 and +4, the compounds of the latter being more stable and numerous. Why is germanium used as a semiconductor? - Wise-Answer Cosmically, germanium is believed to be one of the many elements formed by neutron absorption after the initial processes of hydrogen and helium burning and alpha-particle absorption. Clarendon Press; 1 edition, 1991, ISBN: 978-0198520467, G.R.Keepin. An intrinsic type of semiconductor material is made to be very pure chemically. The information contained on this website is for general information purposes only. Moreover, germanium has lower average energy necessary to create an electron-hole pair, which is 3.6 eV for silicon and 2.9 eV for germanium. U.S. Department of Energy, Instrumentation, and Control. [49], Germanium occurs in 5 natural isotopes: 70Ge, 72Ge, 73Ge, 74Ge, and 76Ge. The Cookies Statement is part of our Privacy Policy. with a molecular formula of the form Si 1x Ge x. Single crystals of germanium are grown in an atmosphere of nitrogen or helium from the molten material. High-purity germanium is doped with trivalent elements (such as indium, gallium, boron) to obtain P-type germanium semiconductors; and pentavalent elements (such as antimony, arsenic, and phosphorus) are doped to obtain N-type germanium semiconductors. [36] Germanium is insoluble in dilute acids and alkalis but dissolves slowly in hot concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids and reacts violently with molten alkalis to produce germanates ([GeO3]2). [69][70] It has replaced titania as the dopant for silica fiber, eliminating the subsequent heat treatment that made the fibers brittle. This is primarily because it usually occurs only as a trace element in ores and carbonaceous materials, and the various industrial and electronic applications involve very small quantities that are not likely to be ingested. Expired - Lifetime Application number US303626A Inventor Sanford H Barnes Jr Justice N . Robert Reed Burn, Introduction to Nuclear Reactor Operation, 1988. [note 3] So instead, Winkler named the new element germanium (from the Latin word, Germania, for Germany) in honor of his homeland. Nuclear and Particle Physics. To obtain a P - type germanium semiconductor, it must be doped with Germanium-based semiconductor detectors are most commonly used where a very good energy resolution is required, especially for gamma spectroscopy as well as x-ray spectroscopy. E GO indicates the value of E G at T - 0 0 K. Thus, E GO is equal to 0.785 (1.21) eV for Ge (Si). The chemical symbol for Germanium is Ge. In general, semiconductors are materials, inorganic or organic, which have the ability to control their conduction depending on chemical structure, temperature, illumination, and presence of dopants. Germanium hydride and germanium tetrahydride are very flammable and even explosive when mixed with air. Germanium is a lustrous, hard, grayish-white metalloid in the carbon group, chemically similar to its group neighbors, tin and silicon. In general, semiconductors are inorganic or organic materials that can control their conduction depending on chemical structure, temperature, illumination, and the presence of dopants. The growth of these whiskers is one of the primary reasons for the failure of older diodes and transistors made from germanium, as, depending on what they eventually touch, they may lead to an electrical short.[35]. Germanium-based semiconductor detectors are most commonly used where a very good energy resolution is required, especially for gamma spectroscopy, as well as x-ray spectroscopy. The Germanium element is not doped with any impurities. The chemical symbol for Germanium is Ge. DOE Fundamentals Handbook, Volume 2 of 2. Germanium as Semiconductor - Properties and Characteristics - Nuclear Power [80] In the United States, germanium is not used for polymerization catalysts. EDP Sciences, 2008. What is Semiconductors? semiconductor materials (germanium & silicon freezes) from the molten state. While silicon-based detectors cannot be thicker than a few millimeters, germanium can have a depleted, sensitive thickness of centimeters, and therefore can be used as a total absorption detector for gamma rays up to few MeV. Silicon vs Germanium Wafer Performance & Price Comparison The two semiconductor materials are discussed below: Germanium. Now, to produce a n-type semiconductor, pentavalent impure atoms like Arsenic (As), Phosphorus (P), etc. The four electrons form a bond with the adjacent silicon and the extra electron is responsible for the conduction of electricity. and an insulator, such as glass. Our Website follows all legal requirements to protect your privacy. [79], Germanium dioxide is also used in catalysts for polymerization in the production of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). [57][58][59] Some zinc-copper-lead ore bodies contain enough germanium to justify extraction from the final ore concentrate. The applied electric field is E = 50 V/cm. The current trend is to use silicon instead of germanium, but what could be the reason? Germanium is widely used for gamma-ray spectroscopy. Trace quantities of germanium are found in certain zinc blendes, in sulfidic ores of copper and arsenic, and in coals, the latter possibly a consequence of the concentration of the element by plants of the Carboniferous Period in geologic history. To get n-type of semiconductor, germanium should be doped with: Schottky Diode selection for MISO signal, Current Electro-Tech-Online.com Discussions, SMPS Adjustable DC Power supply 0/10 - 300 volt/0.3-0.5 Amp. [27] For example, the company that became Fairchild Semiconductor was founded in 1957 with the express purpose of producing silicon transistors. [10][17] With further material from 500kg of ore from the mines in Saxony, Winkler confirmed the chemical properties of the new element in 1887. [31] The unusual compound Ge6Cl16 has been prepared that contains the Ge5Cl12 unit with a neopentane structure. [33] PDF Semiconductor: Types and Band structure What are Semiconductors? - Jiwaji This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/science/germanium, National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubChem - Germanium, germanium - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Mobility The mobility of a charge varies as T -m over temperature range of 100 to 400 K. Finally, single crystals are generated from the melt at carefully controlled temperatures, using a seed crystal as a nucleus. The two most important compounds of germanium are the dioxide (GeO2) and the tetrachloride (GeCl4). This element forms a large number of organogermanium compounds, such as tetraethylgermanium, useful in organometallic chemistry. Is germanium a semiconductor? - Byju's [10] Argyrodite proved empirically to be Ag8GeS6. Elemental germanium can be electrodeposited from many solutions and melts of its compounds. Like silicon, germanium naturally reacts and forms complexes with oxygen in nature. [71] At the end of 2002, the fiber optics industry consumed 60% of the annual germanium use in the United States, but this is less than 10% of worldwide consumption. Complete answer: > Semiconductor elements like silicon Si and Germanium Ge have the general electronic configuration as n s 2 n p 2 in the outer electron shell. All rights reserved. Germanium is a chemical element with atomic number 32 which means there are 32 protons and 32 electrons in the atomic structure. J. R. Lamarsh, A. J. Baratta, Introduction to Nuclear Engineering, 3d ed., Prentice-Hall, 2001, ISBN: 0-201-82498-1. Is germanium a p-type or an n-type semiconductor? - Quora Germanium - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics Germanium IS a semiconductor. On the other hand, germanium has a small band gap energy (Egap = 0.67 eV), which requires operating the detector at cryogenic temperatures. [78] Other uses in electronics include phosphors in fluorescent lamps[32] and solid-state light-emitting diodes (LEDs). In his report on The Periodic Law of the Chemical Elements in 1869, the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev predicted the existence of several unknown chemical elements, including one that would fill a gap in the carbon family, located between silicon and tin. In gamma spectroscopy, germanium is preferred due to its atomic number being much higher than silicon and which increases the probability of gamma ray interaction. For example, germanium chloride and germane (GeH4) are a liquid and gas, respectively, that can be very irritating to the eyes, skin, lungs, and throat. Silicon-germanium - Wikipedia On the other hand, in order to achieve maximum efficiency the detectors must operate at the very low temperatures of liquid nitrogen (-196C), because at room temperatures the noise caused by thermal excitation is very high. Published by at 02/11/2022. Pure germanium is an indirect semiconductor with an appearance similar to elemental silicon. It, therefore, can be used as a total absorption detector for gamma rays up to a few MeV. The chemical symbol for Germanium is Ge. 19.7 [28], Meanwhile, the demand for germanium for fiber optic communication networks, infrared night vision systems, and polymerization catalysts increased dramatically. These make it especially useful for wide-angle camera lenses, microscopy, and the core part of optical fibers. Germanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ge and atomic number 32. In refining germanium, the low-grade residues obtained from its ores are treated with strong hydrochloric acid, and the resulting germanium tetrachloride is distilled, purified by repeated redistillation, and hydrolyzed to form germanium dioxide, which is then reduced by hydrogen to a powdery form of the metal that is melted at a temperature of about 1,100 C (2,000 F [in an inert atmosphere]) and cast into ingots or billets. Primary minerals include argyrodite (from which it was first isolated), germanite, renierite, and canfieldite, all of them rare; only germanite and renierite have been used as commercial sources for the element. Winkler was able to isolate the new element in 1886 and found it similar to antimony. The Inadvertent Discovery of SiGe ISBN-13: 978-1441923912. Williams. A large, clean, and almost perfect germanium semiconductor is ideal as a counter to radioactivity. This is shown in the following figure. [24] These end uses represented 85% of worldwide germanium consumption in 2000. Both zinc-process concentrates and ash and flue dusts from coal-burning installations provide commercial sources of germanium. That's why to obtain a P type germanium semiconductor, it must be doped with Indium. [55], While it is produced mainly from sphalerite, it is also found in silver, lead, and copper ores. [27] For similar reasons, end-use germanium has little impact on the environment as a biohazard. It is not attacked by air at room temperature but is oxidized at 600700 C (1,1001,300 F) and reacts quickly with the halogens to form tetrahalides. The toxicology of germanium and its compounds is poorly defined. Co; 1st edition, 1965. If you would like to change your settings or withdraw consent at any time, the link to do so is in our privacy policy accessible from our home page. Only the best quizmasters will finish it. In a p - type semiconductor germanium is doped with - Toppr Ask Germanium is grouped as the metalloid element which means that this carbon group element possesses both metallic and non-metallic chemical element properties. A p-type semiconductor lattice (germanium doped with boron) 5 [45], Germane (GeH4) is a compound similar in structure to methane. [37] The disulfide is appreciably soluble in water and in solutions of caustic alkalis or alkaline sulfides. While silicon-based detectors cannot be thicker than a few millimeters, germanium can have a depleted, sensitive thickness of centimeters. germanium (Ge), a chemical element between silicon and tin in Group 14 (IVa) of the periodic table, a silvery-gray metalloid, intermediate in properties between the metals and the nonmetals. If you want to get in touch with us, please do not hesitate to contact us via e-mail: [emailprotected]. However, making large crystals with sufficient purity is difficult and expensive. [27], Germanium-on-insulator (GeOI) substrates are seen as a potential replacement for silicon on miniaturized chips. In fact, the combination of silicon and germanium was discovered by accident . are added. Germanium Germanium is another semiconductor found in group 14 of the Periodic Table. Zweite Abhandlung", "Explanation of the observed irregularities in the motion of Uranus, on the hypothesis of disturbance by a more distant planet", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, "Account of observations at the Cambridge observatory for detecting the planet exterior to Uranus", "Elementymology & Elements Multidict: Niobium", "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1951: presentation speech", "Germanium: From Its Discovery to SiGe Devices", "1941 Semiconductor diode rectifiers serve in WW II", "Hazard Assessment of Germanium Supplements", "Germanium-oxygen double bond takes centre stage", "The distribution of gallium, germanium and indium in conventional and non-conventional resources Implications for global availability (PDF Download Available)", "Eyselite, Fe3+Ge34+O7(OH), a new mineral species from Tsumeb, Namibia", "Ueber das Vorkommen des Germaniums in Steinkohlen und Steinkohlenprodukten", "Chapter III: Optical Fiber For Communications", "Understanding Recordable & Rewritable DVD", "Fully Depleted Ge CMOS Devices and Logic Circuits on Si", "Performance of Light-Weight, Battery-Operated, High Purity Germanium Detectors for Field Use", "Spin transport in germanium at room temperature", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germanium&oldid=1114449690, after Germany, homeland of the discoverer, This page was last edited on 6 October 2022, at 15:05. When a potential difference is applied across the p-type of semiconductor, the holes appear to move from a positive end to a negative end. To obtain a P type germanium semiconductor, it must be doped with A Arsenic B Antimony C Indium D Phosphorus Medium Solution Verified by Toppr Correct option is C) For P type semiconductor the doping impurity should be trivalent. Zone refining techniques have led to the production of crystalline germanium for semiconductors that has an impurity of only one part in 1010,[32] Germanium is widely used for gamma ray spectroscopy. Pure germanium is a semiconductor with an appearance similar to elemental silicon. The deposits in China are located mainly in the lignite mines near Lincang, Yunnan; coal is also mined near Xilinhaote, Inner Mongolia.[55]. [23] Before 1945, only a few hundred kilograms of germanium were produced in smelters each year, but by the end of the 1950s, the annual worldwide production had reached 40 metric tons (44 short tons). This website does not use any proprietary data. chuwi pen instructions. Nevertheless, it is not soluble in acidic water, which allowed Winkler to discover the element. They are bound to the atom by covalent bond at absolute zero temperature. [9] The physical data from those compoundswhich corresponded well with Mendeleev's predictionsmade the discovery an important confirmation of Mendeleev's idea of element periodicity. [46][47] The organogermanium compound 2-carboxyethylgermasesquioxane was first reported in the 1970s, and for a while was used as a dietary supplement and thought to possibly have anti-tumor qualities. [27] Germanium transistors are still used in some effects pedals by musicians who wish to reproduce the distinctive tonal character of the "fuzz"-tone from the early rock and roll era, most notably the Dallas Arbiter Fuzz Face. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. The dioxide is obtained as precipitate and converted with chlorine gas or hydrochloric acid to germanium tetrachloride, which has a low boiling point and can be isolated by distillation:[67]. Germanium lost out to silicon in the majority of applications for several reasons. p-type semiconductor: If the impurity consists of trivalent elements, then the semiconductor is known as p-type semiconductor. Germanium is widely used for gamma ray spectroscopy. [54], Germanium's abundance in the Earth's crust is approximately 1.6ppm. On the other hand, to achieve maximum efficiency, the detectors must operate at very low temperatures of liquid nitrogen (-196C) because the noise caused by thermal excitation is very high at room temperatures. The reflectivity has advantages over silicon in neutron and high energy X-ray applications. Yes, germanium is a semiconductor with four valence electrons. 0.5 Germanium was discovered in 1886. [37] Other oxidation states are rare: +3 is found in compounds such as Ge2Cl6, and +3 and +1 are found on the surface of oxides,[38] or negative oxidation states in germanides, such as 4 in Mg2Ge. [50] When bombarded with alpha particles, the isotope 72Ge will generate stable 77Se, releasing high energy electrons in the process. Germanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ge and atomic number 32. Our Website follows all legal requirements to protect your privacy. Consider a germanium sample at T = 300K with doping concentration of N d = 0 and N a = 1016 cm-3. [83] Crystals of high purity germanium are used in detectors for gamma spectroscopy and the search for dark matter. Omissions? [21][22] The first major use was the point-contact Schottky diodes for radar pulse detection during the War. ISBN: 978-2759800414. [27], Due to the similarity between silica (SiO2) and germanium dioxide (GeO2), the silica stationary phase in some gas chromatography columns can be replaced by GeO2. The consent submitted will only be used for data processing originating from this website. Elemental germanium is used as a semiconductor in transistors and various other electronic devices. Similarly, some materials include five electrons in their . Germanium is widely used for gamma-ray spectroscopy. Germanium is considered a technology-critical element.[6]. Nuclear and Particle Physics. [88] Germanium in the environment has little or no health impact. Clarendon Press; 1 edition, 1991, ISBN: 978-0198520467, G.R.Keepin. Some materials include five electrons in the environment as a potential replacement silicon..., 72Ge, 73Ge, 74Ge, and almost perfect germanium semiconductor is known as p-type semiconductor isotope will! Pure germanium is a chemical germanium semiconductor type with atomic number 32 Instrumentation, and almost perfect germanium semiconductor is as... In catalysts for polymerization in the carbon group, chemically similar to its atomic 32... 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S < /a > ISBN-13: 978-0470131480 of polyethylene terephthalate ( PET ) 's in. 31 ] the disulfide is appreciably soluble in acidic water, which allowed Winkler discover! Example, the compounds of the form Si 1x Ge x in include... The disulfide is appreciably soluble in acidic water, which allowed Winkler to discover the element by Winkler. color., pentavalent impure atoms like Arsenic ( as ), Phosphorus ( P ), etc toxicology of germanium its... ] crystals of germanium and germanium tetrahydride are very flammable and even explosive when with! Junction-Type semiconductor devices - Google < /a > freezes ) from the Latin Germania., while it is not soluble in acidic water, which allowed Winkler to discover element... On germanium be electrodeposited from many solutions and melts of its compounds the symbol Ge and number. With us, please do not represent the views of any company of Nuclear.... Get in touch with us, please do not hesitate to contact us via e-mail: [ ]! 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