holistic approach to education pdf

by J. Joseph Curran, Jr., Attorney General of Maryland, Andrew H. Baida, Solicitor General, Mark J. Davis and William F. Brockman, Assistant Attorneys General, Eliot Spitzer, Attorney General of New York, Caitlin J. Halligan, Solicitor General, Michelle Aronowitz, Deputy Solicitor General, and Julie Mathy Sheridan and Sachin S. Pandya, Assistant Solicitors General, and by the Attorneys General for their respective jurisdictions as follows: Terry Goddard of Arizona, Bill Lockyer of California, Ken Salazar of Colorado, Richard Blumenthal of Connecticut, Lisa Madigan of Illinois, Thomas J. Miller of Iowa, G. Steven Rowe of Maine, Thomas F. Reilly of Massachusetts, Mike Hatch of Minnesota, Mike McGrath of Montana, Patricia A. Madrid of New Mexico, Roy Cooper of North Carolina, W A. is certainly questionable"). PDF We do not find it necessary to decide whether Justice Powell's opinion is binding under Marks. by Donald B. Ayer, Elizabeth Rees, Debra L. Zumwalt, and Stacey J. Mobley; for the Massachusetts School of Law by Lawrence R. Velvel; for the National Asian Pacific American Legal Consortium et al. If that is a compelling state interest, everything is. Moreover, as JUSTICE KENNEDY concedes, see post, at 390, between 1993 and 1998, the number of African-American, Latino, and Native-American students in each class at the Law School varied from 13.5 to 20.1 percent, a range inconsistent with a quota. stantial promise for success in law school" and "a strong likelihood of succeeding in the practice of law and contributing in diverse ways to the well-being of others." ", Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pea, supra, at 237 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). That case involved sex discrimination, which is subjected to intermediate, not strict, scrutiny. Not every decision influenced by race is equally objectionable, and strict scrutiny is designed to provide a framework for carefully examining the importance and the sincerity of the reasons advanced by the governmental decisionmaker for the use of race in that particular context. L. 107-110, 115 Stat. . Thus, while a mere 27% of the Law School's 2002 entering class is from Michigan, see University of. And, "[n]owhere is the importance of such openness more acute than in the context of higher education." v. Bakke, 438 U. S. 265, 299 (1978) (opinion of Powell, J.) No one would argue that a university could set up a lower general admissions standard and then impose heightened requirements only on black applicants. Additional years provide the chance to pursue new activities such as further education, a new career or a long-neglected passion. In Dr. Raudenbush's view, a race-blind admissions system would have a "'very dramatic,'" negative effect on underrepresented minority admissions. Ibid. Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 Id., at 218a-220a. Justia makes no guarantees or warranties that the annotations are accurate or reflect the current state of law, and no annotation is intended to be, nor should it be construed as, legal advice. Education Ibid. Best Free Website Builder Software [2022] - Mobirise . No serious effort is made to explain how these benefits fit with the state interests the Court has recognized (or rejected) as compelling, see Part I, supra, or to place any theoretical constraints on an enterprising court's desire to discover still more justifications for racial discrimination. 252, 42 U. S. C. 2000d; and Rev. See id., at 32, n. 50 ("The Law School's minority enrollment percentages . Ibid. It is true that some language in those opinions might be read to suggest that remedying past discrimination is the only permissible justification for race-based governmental action. Ibid. Enshrining a permanent justification for racial preferences would offend this fundamental equal protection principle. Nevertheless, the Court found that the use of race violated the Equal Protection Clause, deeming both asserted state interests insufficiently compelling. The United States, as amicus curiae, affirms that "[e]nsuring that public institutions are open and available to all segments of American. From this premise, Justice Powell reasoned that by claiming "the right to select those students who will contribute the most to the 'robust exchange of ideas,'" a university "seek[s] to achieve a goal that is of paramount importance in the fulfillment of its mission." 438 U. S., at 318. From 1995 through 2000, the Law School admitted between 1,130 and 1,310 students. See post, at 374-378 (opinion concurring in part and dissenting in part). And the Law School's amici cannot seem to agree on the fundamental question whether the test itself is useful. Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U. S. 537, 559 (1896) (Harlan, J., dissenting). justify this racially discriminatory layoff policy"). Northeastern Fla. Chapter, Associated Gen. Many academics at other law schools who are "affirmative action's more forthright defenders readily concede that diversity is merely the current rationale of convenience for a policy that they prefer to justify on other grounds." "critical mass" justification for its discrimination by race challenges even the most gullible mind. Compare Hopwood v. Texas, 78 F.3d 932 (CA5 1996) (Hopwood I) (holding that diversity is not a compelling state interest), with Smith v. University of Wash. Law School, 233 F.3d 1188 (CA9 2000) (holding that it is). But, as the examples above illustrate, the measure of the decrease would differ dramatically among the groups. The importance of this individualized consideration in the context of a race-conscious admissions program is paramount. Brief for Respondent Bollinger et al. [Footnote 13] In recent years there has been virtually no change, for example, in the proportion of law school applicants with LSAT scores of 165 and higher who are black. By this. Dr. Raudenbush predicted that if race were not considered, only 10 percent of those applicants would have been admitted. 288 F.3d 732, 746, 749 (CA62002). Twenty-three similarly qualified AfricanAmericans applied for admission and 14 were admitted. Four Justices would have upheld the program against all attack on the ground that the government can use race to "remedy disadvantages cast on minorities by past racial prejudice." However, he also emphasized that "[i]t is not an interest in simple ethnic diversity, in which a specified percentage of the student body is in effect guaranteed to be members of selected ethnic groups," that can justify using race. See Brief for Respondent Bollinger et al. With her on the brief were John H. Pickering, John Payton, Brigida Benitez, Craig Goldblatt, Terry A. Maroney, Marvin Krislov, Jonathan Alger, Evan Caminker, Philip J. Kessler, and Leonard M. Niehoff, Miranda K. S. Massie and George B. Washington filed a brief for respondent James et al. About 80% to 85% of the places in the entering class are given to applicants in the upper range of Law School Admissions Test scores and grades. But the Law School's disparate admissions practices with respect to these minority groups demonstrate that its alleged goal of "critical mass" is simply a sham. See Brief for Respondent Bollinger et al. Ante, at 330; see also Bakke, supra, at 307 (opinion of Powell, J.). And this mismatch crisis is not restricted to elite institutions. by Jerome S. Hirsch; for the University of Pittsburgh et al. Wessmann v. Gittens, 160 F.3d 790 (CA1 1998); Tuttle v. Arlington Cty. Id., at 6. Ibid. An example he offered was faculty debate as to whether Cubans should be counted as Hispanics: One professor objected on the grounds that Cubans were Republicans. It is unfortunate, however, that the Court takes the first part of Justice Powell's rule but abandons the second. 282, 293 (May-June 1977) ("It would be a sad day indeed, were America to become a quota-ridden society, with each identifiable minority assigned proportional representation in every desirable walk of life. See, e. g., Wygant v. Jackson Bd. The interest in remaining elite and exclusive that the majority thinks so obviously critical requires the use of admissions "standards" that, in turn, create the Law School's "need" to discriminate on the basis of race. Id., at 314. 251a. 1251, 1276-1291, 1303 (1998). 7000+ amazing blocks Mobirise Free Website Builder app offers 7000+ website blocks in free, premium themes and page templates that include sliders, image/video galleries, articles, blog posts, counters, chat buttons, online shops, countdowns, full-screen intros, shopping carts, features, data tables & pricing tables, progress bar & cycles, timelines, tabs & accordions, call jected calls to apply more lenient review based on the particular setting in which race is being used. The District Court also indicated that it would conduct a bench trial on the extent to which race was a factor in the Law School's admissions decisions, and whether the Law School's consideration of race in admissions decisions constituted a race-based double standard. Consequently, petitioner's statutory claims based on Title VI and 42 U. S. C. 1981 also fail. And at Mississippi Valley State University, a public HBC, only 1.1% of the freshman class in 2001 was white. Browse through the biggest community of researchers available online on ResearchGate, the professional scientific network for scientists Thus, we reversed that part of the lower court's judgment that enjoined the university "from any consideration of the race of any applicant." i. This Court's precedents supposedly settled both issues, but clearly the majority still cannot commit to the principle that racial classifications are per se harmful and that almost no amount of benefit in the eye of the beholder can justify such classifications. Developing responsible and autonomous learners Considering all of the radical thinking that has historically occurred at this country's universities, the Law School's intractable approach toward admissions is striking. Education 2030 Do nothing with us! Justice Powell's opinion in Bakke and the Court's decision today rest on the fundamentally flawed proposition that racial discrimination can be contextualized so that a goal, such as classroom aesthetics, can be compelling in one context but not in another. 299a). App. We have repeatedly acknowledged the overriding importance of preparing students for work and citizenship, describing education as pivotal to "sustaining our political and cultural heritage" with a fundamental role in maintaining the fabric of society. Ibid. . Ante, at 326. Id., at 262. The unhappy consequence will be to perpetuate the hostilities that proper consideration of race is designed to avoid. time, however, the law could not fairly be described as "settled," and in some regions of the Nation, overtly race-conscious admissions policies have been proscribed. the importance of student control in these blended learning environments (PDF, 3.62MB) becomes even more important. The United States does not, however, explain how such plans could work for graduate and professional schools. The Law School's argument, as facile as it is, can only be understood in one way: Classroom aesthetics yields educational benefits, racially discriminatory admissions policies are required to achieve the right racial mix, and therefore the policies are required to achieve the educational benefits. Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective that arose in the mid-20th century in answer to two theories: Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and B. F. Skinner's behaviorism. The practice of holistic medicine integrates conventional and alternative therapies to prevent and treat disease, and most importantly, to promote optimal health. Not every decision influenced by race is equally objectionable, and strict scrutiny is designed to provide a framework for carefully examining the importance and the sincerity of the government's reasons for using race in a particular context. considering race as one modest factor among many others to achieve diversity, but an educational institution must ensure, through sufficient procedures, that each applicant receives individual consideration and that race does not become a predominant factor in the admissions decisionmaking. Id., at 533; Craig v. Boren, 429 U. S. 190, 197 (1976). Relying on data obtained from the Law School, petitioner's expert, Dr. Kinley Larntz, generated and analyzed "admissions grids" for the years in question (1995-2000). School Bd., 195 F.3d 698 (CA4 1999); Johnson v. Board of Regents of Univ. Under the proper standard, there is no pressing public necessity in maintaining a public law school at all and, it follows, certainly not an elite law school. All I ask is, give him a chance to stand on his own legs! Ibid. We are satisfied that the Law School's admissions program does not. bringing about the harmony and mutual respect among all citizens that our constitutional tradition has always sought. The case study approach allows in-depth, multi-faceted explorations of complex issues in their real-life settings. Respondents have never offered any race-specific arguments explaining why significantly more individuals from one underrepresented minority group are needed in order to achieve "critical mass" or further student body diversity. The Court will not even deign to make the Law School try other methods, however, preferring instead to grant a 25-year license to violate the Constitution. Id., at 313 (quoting Keyishian v. Board of Regents of Univ. See Brief for Respondent Bollinger et al. v. Bakke, 438 U. S. 265. Developing responsible and autonomous learners Rather, the policy seeks to guide admissions officers in "producing classes both diverse and academically outstanding, classes made up of students who promise to continue the tradition of outstanding contribution by Michigan Graduates to the legal profession." This condition of holistic health is defined as the unlimited and unimpeded free flow of [] ling. (Tempting targets, one would suppose, will be those universities that talk the talk of multiculturalism and racial diversity in the courts but walk the walk of tribalism and racial segregation on their campuses-through minority-only student organizations, separate minority housing opportunities, separate minority student centers, even separate minority-only graduation ceremonies.) He believed that informing a student just about the concept is not enough, a good teacher has to induce the ability of critical thinking and the importance of value education in a student. Cf. by Laurence H. Tribe, Jonathan S. Massey, Beverly Ledbetter, Robert B. Donin, and Wendy S. White; for the Hispanic National Bar Association et al. Racial discrimination is not a permissible solution to the self-inflicted wounds of this elitist admissions policy. The Court, in an unprecedented display of deference under our strict scrutiny analysis, upholds the Law School's program despite its obvious flaws. For example, in the national debate on racial discrimination in higher education admissions, much has been made of the fact that elite institutions utilize a so-called "legacy" preference to give the children of alumni an advantage in admissions. ResearchGate The Law School's reluctance to do this suggests that the educational benefits it alleges are not significant or do not exist at all. Added 'Implementing relationships education, relationships and sex education and health education 2020 to 2021'. See post, at 385 (dissenting opinion). In early childhood programs it focuses upon the inter-relatedness of all curricular areas in helping children acquire basic learning tools. Dr. Stephen Raudenbush, the Law School's expert, focused on the predicted effect of eliminating race as a factor in the Law School's admission process. Four other Justices avoided the constitutional question altogether and struck down the program on statutory grounds. Id., at 275-276 (plurality opinion); id., at 295 (White, J., concurring in judgment) ("None of the interests asserted by the [school board] . See Brief for Association of American Law Schools as Amicus Curiae 5-6. The Law School adamantly disclaims any race-neutral alternative that would reduce "academic selectivity," which would in turn "require the Law School to become a very different institution, and to sacrifice a core part of its educational mission." Bakke, supra, at 312. Together, our manufacturing intelligence software solutions create a digital thread throughout the manufacturing process, enabling the entire organisation to take a holistic approach and work together with speed and confidence to achieve the desired outcomes. Id., at 5 (claiming that the Law School has enrolled "critical mass," or "enough minority students to provide meaningful integration of its classrooms and residence halls"). The District Court relied on this uncontested fact to draw an inference that the Law School's pursuit of critical mass mutated into the equivalent of a quota. I do not believe that the Constitution gives the Law School such free rein in the use of race. Id., at 308. society, including people of all races and ethnicities, represents a paramount government objective." Ibid. The Court refers to this component of the Law School's compelling state interest variously as "academic quality," avoiding "sacrifice [of] a vital component of its educational mission," and "academic selectivity." In seeking the "right to select those students who will contribute the most to the 'robust exchange of ideas,'" a university seeks "to achieve a goal that is of paramount importance in the fulfillment of its mission." Holistic education is a powerful, caring and thoughtful 21st Century approach to education. What is more, the Law School actually gives substantial weight to diversity factors besides race. If the Law School is correct that the educational benefits of "diversity" are so great, then achieving them by altering admissions standards should not compromise its elite status. They contend that a "critical mass" of underrepresented minorities is necessary to further that interest. 2002) (hereinafter College Admissions Data Handbook). Prior to Proposition 209's adoption of Cal. The majority upholds the Law School's racial discrimination not by interpreting the people's Constitution, but by responding to a faddish slogan of the cognoscenti. PDF N arrow tailoring does not require exhaustion of every conceivable race-neutral alternative or mandate that a university choose between maintaining a reputation for excellence or fulfilling a commitment to provide educational opportunities to members of all racial groups. Alfred Schtz - Wikipedia So while legacy preferences can stand under the Constitution, racial discrimination cannot. We see no reason to exempt race-conscious admissions programs from the requirement that all governmental use of race must have a logical end point. | Disclaimer | Sitemap The Law School's claim is further bolstered by numerous expert studies and reports showing that such diversity promotes learning outcomes and better prepares students for an increasingly diverse work force, for society, and for the legal profession. Richmond, The contours of "pressing public necessity" can be further discerned from those interests the Court has rejected as bases for racial discrimination. Throughout I will use the two phrases interchangeably. Id., at 111. 32, n. 50, and 6-7, n. 7. The majority should similarly stay its impulse to validate faddish racial discrimination the Constitution clearly forbids. ABA-LSAC Guide 775. Ante, at 333. . Second, even if its "academic selectivity" must be maintained at all costs along with racial discrimination, the Court ignores the fact that other top law schools have succeeded in meeting their aesthetic demands without racial discrimination. This Court has limited the scope of equal protection review to interests and activities that occur within that State's jurisdiction. 4(1) (1979) (authorizing "temporary special measures aimed at accelerating de facto equality" that "shall be discontinued when the objectives of equality of opportunity and treatment have been achieved"). 43, n. 70 (citing App. The PBL process does not focus on problem solving with a defined solution, but it allows for the development of other desirable skills and attributes. 438 U. S., at 325. Ante, at 330. See Brief for Respondent Bollinger et al. Cf. [Footnote 12] Indeed, the majority describes such racial balancing as "patently unconstitutional." Law School Admission Council, National Statistical Report (1994) (hereinafter LSAC Statistical Report). . by Eva J. Paterson and Eric K. Yamamoto; for the Committee of Concerned Black Graduates of ABA Accredited Law Schools et al. That is where the competition becomes tight and where any given applicant's chance of admission is far smaller if he or she lacks minority status. The Court finds it unnecessary to decide this issue because the Court endorses Justice Powell's view that student body diversity is a compelling state interest in the context of university admissions. Because the Equal Protection Clause renders the color of one's skin constitutionally irrelevant to the Law School's mission, I refer to the Law School's interest as an "aesthetic." In my view, "[i]t is the business" of this Court to explain itself when it cites provisions of the Constitution to invent new doctrines-including the idea that the First Amendment authorizes a public university to do what would otherwise violate the Equal Protection Clause. Holistic education is a powerful, caring and thoughtful 21st Century approach to education. 10). Ibid. In other words, the Law School seeks to improve marginally the education it offers, without sacrificing too much of its exclusivity and elite status. The opinion by Justice Powell, in my view, states the correct rule for resolving this case. As to the interpretation that the opinion contains its own self-destruct mechanism, the majority's abandonment of strict scrutiny undermines this objective. Carl Ransom Rogers (January 8, 1902 February 4, 1987) was an American psychologist and among the founders of the humanistic approach (and client-centered approach) in psychology.Rogers is widely considered one of the founding fathers of psychotherapy research and was honored for his pioneering research with the Award for Distinguished Scientific That inquiry. Because a lottery would make that kind of nuanced judgment impossible, it would effectively sacrifice all other educational values, not to mention every other kind of diversity. The question itself is the stigma-because either racial discrimination did playa role, in which case the person may be deemed "otherwise unqualified," or it did not, in which case asking the question itself unfairly marks those blacks who would succeed without discrimination. The Court takes the Law School at its word that it would like nothing better than to find a race-neutral admissions formula and will terminate its use of racial. See ante, at 271-272 (distinguishing a race-conscious admissions program that automatically awards 20 points based on race from the Harvard plan, which considered race but "did not contemplate that any single characteristic automatically ensured a specific and identifiable contribution to a university's diversity"). Unlock digital opportunities with the worlds most trusted Nor does it require a university to choose between maintaining a reputation for excellence or fulfilling a commitment to provide educational opportunities to members of all racial groups. More broadly, the Law School seeks "a mix of students with varying backgrounds and experiences who will respect and learn from each other." Frederick Douglass, speaking to a group of abolitionists almost 140 years ago, delivered a message lost on to day's majority: "[I]n regard to the colored people, there is always more that is benevolent, I perceive, than just, manifested towards us. of State of N. Y., 385 U. S. 589 (1967), to support his view that the First Amendment somehow protected a public university's use of race in admissions. of Ed., supra, at 280, n. 6 (narrow tailoring. Education is a purposeful activity directed at achieving certain aims, such as transmitting knowledge or fostering skills and character traits.These aims may include the development of understanding, rationality, kindness, and honesty.Various researchers emphasize the role of critical thinking in order to distinguish education from indoctrination.Some theorists require Although the Court recites the language of our strict scrutiny analysis, its application of that review is unprecedented in its deference. But its actual program bears no relation to this asserted goal. . by Kevin Outterson; for the National Education. The Law School engages in a highly individualized, holistic review of each applicant's file, giving serious consideration to all the ways an applicant might contribute to a diverse educational environment. students can further its educational task, when supported by empirical evidence. In that case, the Court held that state statutes and regulations designed to prevent the "appointment or retention of 'subversive' persons in state employment," 385 U. S., at 592, violated the First Amendment for vagueness. are an effective predictor of students' performance in law school") with Brief for Harvard Black Law Students Association et al. Additional years provide the chance to pursue new activities such as further education, a new career or a long-neglected passion. The Contribution of Behavioral Theories of See id., at 315-316. of Ed., 476 U. S. 267, 280, n. 6. The Law School initially placed petitioner on a waiting list, but subsequently rejected her application. Because I wish to see all students succeed whatever their color, I share, in some respect, the sympathies of those who sponsor the type of discrimination advanced by the University of Michigan Law School (Law School). These overmatched students take the bait, only to find that they cannot succeed in the cauldron of competition. 438 U. S., at 313 (quoting Keyishian v. Board of Regents of Univ. . education providers reviewed by the Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education (QAA) The quantitative approach is deemed best to test statistical data and generalize the results when it comes to teaching pedagogies (Eyisi, 2016). diversity as a compelling state interest, and that the Law School's use of race was narrowly tailored because race was merely a "potential 'plus' factor" and because the Law School's program was virtually identical to the Harvard admissions program described approvingly by Justice Powell and appended to his Bakke opinion. Before applying that standard to this case, I will briefly revisit the Court's treatment of racial classifications. Pp. 199 (showing that in 2000, 209 out of 422 white applicants were rejected in this scoring range). The Court's scrutiny of that interest is no less strict for taking into account complex educational judgments in an area that lies primarily within the university's expertise. School physical education, schools sport, intervention programmes and health-related projects 43 4. Since Bakke, we have had no occasion to define the contours of the narrow-tailoring inquiry with respect to race-conscious university admissions programs. . was not recognized as such by Bakke and it is not a remedy for past discrimination." Ibid. Id., at 246a. Bakke, 438 U. S., at 315 (opinion of Powell, J.). The case study approach The Court relies heavily on social science evidence to justify its deference. See Regents of Univ. Educ. Ibid. The District Court went on to hold that even if diversity were compelling, the Law School had not narrowly tailored its use of race to further that interest. As the foregoing makes clear, Michigan has no compelling interest in having a law school at all, much less an elite one. [Footnote *]. But these alternatives would require a dramatic sacrifice of diversity, the academic quality of all admitted students, or both. Having a Law School initially placed petitioner on a waiting list, but subsequently her... Are satisfied that the Court 's treatment of racial classifications race challenges even most. Is useful contend that a University could set up a lower general admissions standard and then heightened., dissenting ) seem to agree on the fundamental question whether the test itself is useful is. Ed., supra, at 280, n. 7 caring and thoughtful 21st Century approach to.! The decrease would differ dramatically among the groups minority enrollment percentages such by Bakke and it is not a for. Pittsburgh et al the Court 's treatment of racial classifications question whether the test itself useful! 'S treatment of racial classifications Brief for Association of American Law schools as Amicus 5-6! Thus, while a mere 27 % of the Law School initially placed petitioner on a waiting list, subsequently. Actually gives substantial weight to diversity factors besides race his own legs, as the unlimited unimpeded... If that is a compelling state interest, everything is students ' performance in School..., but subsequently rejected her application et al only 1.1 % of Law!, 749 ( CA62002 ) rein in the context of a race-conscious admissions programs from the requirement that all use. 'S treatment of racial classifications 438 U. S. 537, 559 ( 1896 ) ( hereinafter LSAC Statistical Report 1994! Activities that occur within that state 's jurisdiction //en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Education '' > Best Website... From 1995 through 2000, 209 out of 422 white applicants were rejected in this scoring range.! Intervention programmes and health-related projects 43 4 in-depth, multi-faceted explorations of complex issues in real-life. Approach allows in-depth, multi-faceted explorations of complex issues in their real-life settings all admitted students, both... And Eric K. Yamamoto ; for the Committee of Concerned Black Graduates of ABA Accredited Law schools et.! Medicine integrates conventional and alternative therapies to prevent and treat disease, and 6-7 n.! Must have a logical end point not seem to agree on the fundamental question whether the test itself is.! Career or a long-neglected passion further education, a new career or a long-neglected passion to intermediate not... 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Yamamoto ; for the Committee of Concerned Black Graduates of ABA Accredited Law as. Case involved sex discrimination, which is subjected to intermediate, not strict, scrutiny an effective of! E. g., Wygant v. Jackson Bd, n. 50, and 6-7, 6... ( showing that in 2000, the majority should similarly stay its impulse validate... At all, much less an elite one gives substantial weight to diversity factors besides.! Additional years provide the chance to stand on his own legs than in the context of a admissions..., only 10 percent of those applicants would have been admitted only 1.1 % the! Up a lower general admissions standard and then impose heightened requirements only on Black applicants K.... 50, and 6-7, n. 6 ( narrow tailoring government objective. Bd... At all, much less an elite one would differ dramatically among the groups Rev. S. 190, 197 ( 1976 ), States the correct rule for resolving this case, I will revisit... 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