where was ancient armenia located

They resulted in the Antiochene Wars of Succession between Levon's grand-nephew Raymond Roupen and Bohemond IV of Antioch-Tripoli. ", A Dictionary of Scripture Geography, p 57, by John Miles, 486 pages, Published 1846, Original from Harvard University, Village on the Euphrates: From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra, by A.M.T Moore, G.C. History of Armenia Currently, the town has an approximate population of 900 as per One of the more fervent monks appointed by Abuna Yakob was Abba Ewostatewos (c. 12731352). The Kebra Nagast is considered Holy Scripture in Ethiopia and is available in print.[1]. [34] Since then the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin has been the administrative headquarters of the Armenian Church. [19][18] A noted episode which illustrates the observance by the Armenian Arsacids is the famous journey of Tiridates I to Rome in A.D. During the Roman Republic's eastern expansion, the Kingdom of Armenia, under Tigranes the Great, reached its peak, from 83 to 69 BC, after it reincorporated Sophene and conquered the remaining territories of the falling Seleucid Empire, effectively ending its existence and raising Armenia into an empire for a brief period, until it was itself conquered by Rome in 69 BC. [54] The Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant, who took more than 80 Turkish persons captive in Mosul during their offensive, is an enemy of Turkey, making Kurdistan useful for Turkey as a buffer state. An army of Western European Christians marched through Anatolia and Cilicia on their way to Jerusalem. "[83] Douglas Freshfield wrote in 1869 that "convent and cathedral are within a large fortified enclosure" and claimed that it "has in its time resisted many attacks from the infidels. The region north of the mountainous region on the border with Iran and Turkey features meadow grasses and such wild trees as, Abies cilicica, Fagus sylvatica, Quercus calliprinos, Quercus brantii, Quercus infectoria, Quercus ithaburensis, Quercus macranthera, Cupressus sempervirens, Platanus orientalis, Pinus brutia, Juniperus foetidissima, Juniperus excelsa, Juniperus oxycedrus, Prunus cerasus, Salix alba, Fraxinus excelsior, Paliurus spina-christi, Olea europaea, Ficus carica, Populus euphratica, Populus nigra, Crataegus monogyna, Crataegus azarolus, Prunus cerasifera, rose hips, Cercis siliquastrum, pistachio trees, pear and Sorbus graeca. Next, Yakob travelled to Aksum for his coronation, remaining there until 1439 and reconciling with the Sabbatarians, who agreed to pay feudal dues to the emperor. And then there's the unexpected delight of Yerevan one of the region's most exuberant and endearing cities. Despite his sometimes-burdensome military commitments to the Mongols, Hetum had the financial resources and political autonomy to build new and impressive fortifications, such as the castle at Tamrut. 2022. According to Armenian church tradition, the cathedral was built between 301 and 303,[4][G] near the royal palace in what was then the Armenian royal capital of Vagharshapat,[1] on the location of a pagan temple. He secured agreements with Pisa, Genoa, and Venice, as well as the French and the Catalans, and granted them certain privileges such as tax exemptions in return for their business. During the Disaster of Mari, the Mamluks under Sultan Al-Mansur Ali and the commander Qalawun overran the heavily outnumbered Armenians, killing T'oros and capturing Levon. John of Monte Corvino himself arrived in Cilician Armenia in 1288.[49]. In the former is the province of Ardelan, the ancient Arropachatis, now nominally a part of Irak Ajami, and belonging to the north west division called Al Jobal. [100], In December 1923, the southern apse of the cathedral collapsed. Possible references to the House of David have been found at two sites, the Tel Dan Stele and the Mesha Stele. Microsofts Activision Blizzard deal is key to the companys mobile gaming efforts. The calendar is a combination of the ancient calendar of Alexandrian Jewry, Book of Jubilees, Book of Enoch, Abu Shaker, and the Ge'ez calendar. The coat of arms of Russian-administered Erivan (Yerevan), approved in 1843, featured the cathedral. [50], After the sacking of Hromkla by the Mamluks in 1293, the Catholicosate was transferred to Sis, the capital of the Cilician Kingdom. Official home of the IOC. Its neoclassical squares conjure Vienna, while its wide boulevards brim with Parisian lan. Located 32km south of Yerevan at the foot of Mt Ararat, Khor Virap has been repeatedly rebuilt since the 5th century. Cilicia's significance in Armenian history and statehood is also attested by the transfer of the seat of the Catholicos of the Armenian Apostolic Church, spiritual leader of the Armenian people, to the region. The calendar is a combination of the ancient calendar of Alexandrian Jewry, Book of Jubilees, Book of Enoch, Abu Shaker, and the Ge'ez calendar. [citation needed]. [108] Nevertheless, the cathedral's role was downplayed by the Communist official circles. Christianity in Ethiopia is the largest religion in the country, the Ethiopian community at large, and dates back to the early medieval Kingdom of Aksum, when the King Ezana first adopted the faith in 4th century AD. In 63, strengthened further by the legions III Gallica, V Macedonica, X Fretensis and XXII, General Corbulo entered into the territories of Vologases I of Parthia, who then returned the Armenian kingdom to Tiridates, king Vologases I's brother. Microsofts Activision Blizzard deal is key to the companys mobile gaming efforts. These days, pilgrims climb down a metal ladder into the well where the saint was incarcerated. The Yafit defeat allowed Alexandria to send Abuna Yakob, to Ethiopia in 1337 to be its metropolitan. Ethiopia was the only region of Africa to survive the expansion of Islam as a Christian state. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty [11] This led the Armenians to seek refuge in Byzantium and in Cilicia. "[128] According to Hasratyan they are the earliest reliefs on the cathedral's walls[61] and among the earliest items of Christian Armenian sculpture art. From its foundation until the second half of the fifth century, Etchmiadzin was the seat of the Catholicos, the supreme head of the Armenian Church. Building Image Country Continent First built Use Notes Gbekli Tepe: Turkey: Asia: 10000 7500 BC Unknown, likely temple Located in southern Turkey.The tell includes two phases of use, believed to be of a social or ritual nature by site discoverer and excavator Klaus Schmidt, dating back to the 10th8th millennium BCE.The structure is 300 m in diameter and 15 m high. Petroglyph They speak an Iranian language known as Kurdish, and comprise the majority of the population of the region however, included therein are Arab, Armenian, Assyrian,[84] Azerbaijani, Jewish, Ossetian, Persian, and Turkish communities. Le Templier de Tyr. Next in size are the various Protestant congregations, who include 13.7 million Ethiopians. "The king of Armenia and the Prince of Antioch went to the military camp of the Tatars, and they all went off to take Damascus". [38] During this century, belfries were added to many Armenian churches. 8th century AD: Today part of: Azerbaijan Russia Georgia Armenia: Caucasian Albania is a modern exonym for a former state located in ancient times in the Caucasus: mostly in what is now Azerbaijan (where both of its capitals were located). Emperor Yakob called for a compromise in 1436, meeting with two bishops, Mikail and Gabriel, sent by the see of St. Mark. Armenians in the Ottoman Empire (or Ottoman Armenians) mostly belonged to either the Armenian Apostolic Church or the Armenian Catholic Church.They were part of the Armenian millet until the Tanzimat reforms in the nineteenth century equalized all Ottoman citizens before the law. Armenia Garden of Eden [28] They took control of Egypt and Palestine in 1250 and 1253, respectively, and filled the vacuum caused by the Mongol destruction of the pre-existing Ayyubid and Abbasid governments. Western Armenia first became a province of the Roman Empire under the name of Armenia Minor, and later Byzantine Armenia; Eastern Armenia remained a kingdom within Persia until, in 428, the local nobility overthrew the king, and the Sassanids installed a marzban (governor) in his place, beginning the Marzpanate period over Persian Armenia. Name of Armenia In response, he sent Makeda home but told her to send their son back to Jerusalem when he came of age to be taught Jewish lore and law. [88] There are another 9 to 12 million Turkish citizens of Kurdish descent in predominantly Turkish regions of Turkey as the majority of Turkish Kurds no longer live in Southeastern Anatolia. According to most scholars it was the first cathedral built in ancient Armenia, and is often considered the oldest cathedral in the world. [2] Engraved on the exterior of the edifice are decorative geometric and floral patterns as well as blind arcades and medallions depicting saints. Before Makeda returned home, the two had a son together. The efforts of these Syriac missionaries from Assyria and Aramea facilitated the Churchs expansion deep into the interior and caused friction with the traditions of the local people. The Catholicosate of Aghtamar and the locally influential Syunik bishops enhanced the importance of the region around Etchmiadzin. in depth in the Jazira. The history of Armenia covers the topics related to the history of the Republic of Armenia, as well as the Armenian people, the Armenian language, and the regions historically and geographically considered Armenian.. Armenia is located in the highlands surrounding the Biblical mountains of Ararat.The original Armenian name for the country was Hayk, later Hayastan (Armenian: The three-age system periodizes ancient history into Animals found in the region include the Syrian brown bear, wild boar, gray wolf, the golden jackal, Indian crested porcupine, the red fox, goitered gazelle, Eurasian otter, striped hyena, Persian fallow deer, long-eared hedgehog, onager, mangar and the Euphrates softshell turtle. , There are ruined buildings worth exploring, an ancient cemetery and hillocks that are actually Bronze Age tumulus tombs. A 2015 study estimated some 400,000 Christians from a Muslim background in the country, most of them Protestants of some form.[14]. Many served in the Byzantine army as soldiers or as generals, and rose to prominent imperial positions. [1][unreliable source? In AD 51 Armenia fell to an Iberian invasion sponsored by Parthia, led by Rhadamistus. "land of the Kurds") or Greater Kurdistan is a roughly defined geo-cultural territory in Western Asia wherein the Kurds form a prominent majority population and the Kurdish culture, languages, and national identity have historically been based. The date of Armenia's conversion to Christianity is traditionally held to be 301, preceding the Roman Emperor Constantine the Great's conversion and the Edict of Milan by a dozen years. 'Royal Capital'), is the capital and third-largest city of Myanmar.The city is located at the centre of the Naypyidaw Union Territory. [13], The formal annexation of Greater Armenia to the Byzantine Empire in 1045 and its conquest by the Seljuk Turks 19 years later caused two new waves of Armenian migration to Cilicia. The Kingdom of Armenia, also the Kingdom of Greater Armenia,[4] or simply Greater Armenia (Armenian: Mets Hayk;[5] Latin: Armenia Maior), sometimes referred to as the Armenian Empire, was a monarchy in the Ancient Near East which existed from 321 BC to 428 AD. Tsaghkadzor Despite this, much of the region is fertile and has historically exported grain and livestock. The Armenian endonym for the Armenian people and country is hayer and Hayastan, respectively.The exact etymologies of the names of Armenia are unknown, and there are various speculative attempts to connect them to older toponyms or ethnonyms In 1198, with the crowning of Leo I, King of Armenia of the Rubenid dynasty, Cilician Armenia became a kingdom. As the Mongols conquered vast regions of Central Asia and the Middle East, Hethum and succeeding Hethumid rulers sought to create an Armeno-Mongol alliance against common Muslim foes, most notably the Mamluks. [96] A hospital and an orphanage within the cathedral's grounds were established and maintained by the U.S.-based Armenian Near East Relief by 1919.[2]. Furthermore, Yakob deployed a corps of monks into the newly obtained lands. [18] The Armenians also helped the Crusaders; as described by Pope Gregory XIII in his Ecclesia Romana: Among the good deeds which the Armenian people has done towards the church and the Christian world, it should especially be stressed that, in those times when the Christian princes and the warriors went to retake the Holy Land, no people or nation, with the same enthusiasm, joy and faith came to their aid as the Armenians did, who supplied the Crusaders with horses, provision and guidance. Armenians in the Ottoman Empire (or Ottoman Armenians) mostly belonged to either the Armenian Apostolic Church or the Armenian Catholic Church.They were part of the Armenian millet until the Tanzimat reforms in the nineteenth century equalized all Ottoman citizens before the law. [87] According to the Encyclopaedia of Islam, Kurdistan covers around 190,000km (73,000 sq. [56][57][58], In an attempt to deny their existence, the Turkish government categorized Kurds as "Mountain Turks" until 1991;[59][60][61] The words "Kurds", "Kurdistan", or "Kurdish" were officially banned by the Turkish government. Due to the extraordinary archaeological richness of the region, almost any dam impacts historic sites. The Armenian endonym for the Armenian people and country is hayer and Hayastan, respectively.The exact etymologies of the names of Armenia are unknown, and there are various speculative attempts to connect them to older toponyms or ethnonyms Cultural influence was not merely one-way, however; Cilician Armenians had an important impact on Crusaders returning to the West, most notably with their architectural traditions. Various Christian denominations are now followed in the country. And even fewer have a culture that is as rich and resilient. [8][46] European tradition was adopted for the knighting of Armenian nobles, while jousts and tournaments similar to those in Europe had become popular in Cilician Armenia. Microsoft is building an Xbox mobile gaming store to take on Apple Originally the base of David Anhogin, who ruled the region of Tashir-Dzoraget from 989 to 1048, it eventually became a base for the Orbelians and Zakarians, powerful Armenian noble families. During a trip to meet with church elders, Frumentius met with Athanasius, Pope of Alexandria. Situated along the Hrazdan River, Yerevan is the administrative, cultural, and industrial center of the country, as its primate city. In 390 AD Bezabde was taken by the Persian army, and a terrible bloodbath ensued against the inhabitants and garrison. Regions of ancient Anatolia. The Kingdom of Corduene, which emerged from the declining Seleucid Empire, was located to the south and south-east of Lake Van between Persia and Mesopotamia and ruled northern Mesopotamia and southeastern Anatolia from 189 BC to AD 384 as vassals of the vying Parthian and Roman empires. At its peak, under Tigranes the Great, it incorporated, besides Armenia Major, Iberia, Albania, Cappadocia, Cilicia, Armenian Mesopotamia, Osroene, Adiabene, Syria, Assyria, Commagene, Sophene, Judea and Atropatene. Their two great dynastic castles were Lampron and Papen/Baberon, which commanded strategic roads to the Cilician Gates and to Tarsus. Early Armenian migrations to Cilicia Cilicia under Tigranes the Great. No part of this site may be reproduced without our written permission. Situated along the Hrazdan River, Yerevan is the administrative, cultural, and industrial center of the country, as its primate city. Name of Armenia Kurdistan (Kurdish: ,Kurdistan [kdstn] (); lit. [35] When Ghazan died on May 10, 1304, all hope of reconquest of the Holy Land died in conjunction. By the 11th century the Hetumids had settled into western Cilicia, primarily in the highlands of the Taurus Mountains. Later, it moved to various locations in Cilicia; Tavbloor in 1062; Dzamendav in 1066; Dzovk in 1116; and Hromkla in 1149. In the 18th and 19th centuries, Armenian painters created frescoes of scenes from the old testament and Armenian saints. [11] Nicephorus thus expelled the Muslims living in Cilicia, and encouraged Christians from Syria and Armenia to settle in the region. Print. They played a crucial role in Ottoman Most inhabitants are Muslim, but adherents to other religions are present as well including Yarsanism, Yazidism, Alevis, Christians,[85] and in the past, Jews, most of whom emigrated to Israel. A second rock sites approximately 1 km from the main rock near the Nabatean tombs of Nawamis with carvings of animals including Camels, Gazelles and others. [2][58] Due to Armenia's unfavorable economic conditions, the cathedral was renovated only partially by Catholicoi Nerses the Great (r. 353373) and Sahak Parthev (r. Ancient Near East "[2] James Bryce wrote that the cathedral is "small, that is to say, compared with its fame or importance". Cilician Armenia was forced to trade with Egypt, thereby circumventing a trade embargo imposed by the pope. Among rivers of historical importance to Kurds are the Murat (Arasn) and Buhtn rivers in Turkey; the Peshkhbur, the Little Zab, the Great Zab, and the Diyala in Iraq; and the Jaghatu (Zarrinarud), the Tt'u (Siminarud), the Zohb (Zahb), and the Gmsiyb in Iran. [21] At the time, Saladin of Egypt defeated the Kingdom of Jerusalem, which led to the Third Crusade. [38] Additionally, a wall was built around the cathedral, making it a fort-like complex. [4] Levon's growing power made him a particularly important ally for the neighbouring crusader state of Antioch, which resulted in intermarriage with noble families there, but his dynastic policies revealed ambition towards the overlordship of Antioch which the Latins ultimately could not countenance. [13] The new city was laid on a strategic position at the juncture of trade routes that connected the Ancient Greek world with Bactria, India and the Black Sea which permitted the Armenians to prosper. Diminished during the early Soviet period, Etchmiadzin revived again in the second half of the twentieth century, and under independent Armenia.[2]. Regions of ancient Anatolia. The Bible states that David founded a dynasty and that his son Solomon built a Temple. In their absence, the Mamluks regrouped, and regained the area in May 1300. The Orontid dynasty ruled as satraps of the Achaemenid Empire for three centuries until the empire was defeated by Alexander the Great's Macedonian Empire at the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BC. [2] In 1874, he established the Gevorgian Seminary, a theological school-college located on the cathedral's premises. History of the Jews and Judaism in Het'um also struck coins with his figure on one side, and with the name of the sultan on the other. Artaxias seized Yervandashat, united the Armenian Highlands at the expense of neighboring tribes and founded the new royal capital of Artaxata near the Araxes River. It was completed in 1658 by Catholicos Hakob IV Jugayetsi. Various Armenian lords and former generals of Philaretos were also present in Marash, Malatia (Melitene), and Edessa, the latter two being located outside Cilicia.[15]. Antioch, a major center of Hellenistic Greece, and the third-most important city of the Roman Empire, then part of Syria Province, today a ruin near Antakya, Turkey, was where Christians were first called Christians and also the location of the Incident at Antioch.It was the site of an early church, traditionally said to be founded by Peter who is considered the first bishop. Borders drawn along the Euphrates and Armenian Highlands in the east, Taurus Mountains, Amanus Mountains (today's Nur Mountains) and Mediterranean Sea in the south and south-east, Pontus Euxinus to the north, and Aegean Sea, Propontis (Marmara sea), Bosphorus and Thrace in the west. [127] In his 2012 analysis, Grigoryan wrote that "we can insist that the three reliefs of the Echmiadzin Cathedral were created from the very beginning, in 302325. "[117] Despite the fact that the cathedral was renovated many times through the centuries and some alterations were made in the 17th and 19th centuries, it retains the form of the building constructed in 483/4. A number of parallel concepts to the biblical Garden of Eden exist in various other religions and mythologies. [36] In 1307, both the current and former kings met with Bularghu, the Mongol representative in Cilicia, at his camp just outside Anazarba. Among its notable exhibits are the Holy Lance (Spear), relics belonging to Apostles of Jesus and John the Baptist, and a fragment of Noah's Ark. Beta Israel In the 16th century, Cilicia fell under Ottoman dominion and officially became known as the Adana Vilayet in the 17th century. After Alexander's death in 323 BC, a Macedonian general named Neoptolemus obtained Armenia until he died in 321 BC and the Orontids returned, not as satraps, but as kings. The garden of the Hesperides in Greek mythology was also somewhat similar to the Jewish concept of the Garden of Eden, and by the He was assisted by fourteen bishops in administering the Armenian Church in the kingdom, a number which grew in later years. stn) is Persian for land. In the spring of 1918 the cathedral was in danger of an attack by the Turks. On a promontory between the gorges of the Dzoragets and Miskhana Rivers, this ruined fortress has huge towers and massive stone blocks along its exposed side. Naypyidaw, officially spelled Nay Pyi Taw (Burmese: ; MLCTS: Nepranytau; pronounced [npjd] lit. Various Christian denominations are now followed in the country. Ancient history is the aggregate of past events from the beginning of writing and recorded human history and extending as far as late antiquity.The span of recorded history is roughly 5,000 years, beginning with the Sumerian cuneiform script. Commemorating the massacre of Armenians in the Ottoman Empire from 1915 to 1922, this institution uses photographs, documents, reports and films to deliver a powerful museum experience similar to that of Israel's Yad Vashem (Holocaust Museum). Under the Seleucid Empire (31263 BC), the Armenian throne was divided in twoArmenia Maior and Sopheneboth of which passed to members of the Artaxiad dynasty in 189 BC. Het'um II abdicated in favour of his sixteen-year-old nephew Levon III and became a Franciscan friar; however, he emerged from his monastic cell to help Levon defend Cilicia from a Mamluk army, which was thus defeated near Baghras. The ancient Near East was the home of early civilizations within a region roughly corresponding to the modern Middle East: Mesopotamia (modern Iraq, southeast Turkey, southwest Iran and northeastern Syria), ancient Egypt, ancient Iran (Elam, Media, Parthia and Persia), Anatolia/Asia Minor and the Armenian Highlands (Turkey's Eastern Anatolia Region, Armenia, northwestern [53] The weakening of the Iraqi state following the 2014 Northern Iraq offensive by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant has also presented an opportunity for independence for Iraqi Kurdistan,[54] augmented by Turkey's move towards acceptance of such a state although it opposes moves toward Kurdish autonomy in Turkey and Syria. Theres no escaping the sprawl of, Photographer Christopher Herwig first discovered the unusual architecture of Soviet-era bus stops during a 2002 long-distance bike ride from London to St. The kingdom competed with Assyria over supremacy in the highlands of Ararat and the Fertile Crescent. His army consisted mainly of 120,000 infantrymen and 12,000 mounted archers, also an important feature of the Parthian army. After these threats, Het'um went to the Mongol court of the Il-Khan in Persia to obtain military support, but in his absence, the Mamluks invaded Cilician Armenia. [6] In the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, the Crusader states and the Mongol Ilkhanate disintegrated, leaving the Armenian Kingdom without any regional allies. Currently, the town has an approximate population of 900 as per Europeans incorporated elements of Armenian castle-building, learned from Armenian masons in the Crusader states, as well as some elements of church architecture. They donated money to communities and religious schools while protecting their occupants from local anti-Christians. The son of Constantine was T'oros I, who succeeded him in around 1100. As the main shrine of Armenian Christians worldwide, Etchmiadzin has been an important location in Armenia not only religiously, but also politically and culturally. For a list of other Armenian Kingdoms, see, Legio II Armeniaca-Armenian Second Legion. [62], In 1983, the Kurdish provinces were included in the a state of emergency region, which was placed under martial law in response to the activities of the militant separatist organization the Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK). Read our Privacy Policy. University of Bristol student Val Ismaili initially planned to spend his summer break hiking an established long-distance trail. However, in 287, Tiridates III the Great was brought to power by the Roman armies. Mountain chains harbor pastures and forested valleys, totaling approximately 16 million hectares (160,000km), including firs and countryside is mostly oaks, conifers, platanus, willow, poplar and, to the west of Kurdistan, olive trees.[9]. King Kalebs reign is also significant for the spread of Christianity among the Agaw tribes of central Ethiopia. Instead, he ended up, Yerevan can be perplexing. [209], In the 1991 film Mayrig, directed by French-Armenian director Henri Verneuil, actual footage of the cathedral is shown when Azad Zakarian, the main character and a son of Armenian genocide survivors, is being questioned about his faith in a Catholic school. Francis gave a prayer at the cathedral on 24 June 2016, where he called the cathedral "a witness to the history of your people and the centre from which its spirituality radiates."[193]. [7] In 1224, Philip was imprisoned in Sis for stealing the crown jewels of Armenia, and after several months of confinement, he was poisoned and killed. The number of baptisms conducted at Etchmiadzin rose greatly: from 200 in 1949 to around 1,700 in 1951. National Geographic stories take you on a journey thats always enlightening, often surprising, and unfailingly fascinating. Those who are looking for a new experience may enjoy the Georgia & Armenia Uncovered tour offered by leading guided vacation company, Trafalgar. Their capital was originally at Tarsus, and later became Sis. For instance, Joscelin I, Count of Edessa married the daughter of Constantine, and Baldwin, brother of Godfrey, married Constantine's niece, daughter of his brother T'oros. RFE/RL journalists report the news in 27 languages in 23 countries where a free press is banned by the government or not fully established. The Bible states that David founded a dynasty and that his son Solomon built a Temple. Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia [79][80][81] As of 2015, Turkey was actively supporting Al-Nusra,[82] but as of January 2017, Turkey's foreign ministry has said that Al-Nusra is a terrorist group and has acted accordingly. Also can include nearby offshore islands like Cyprus, Lesbos, Dawit decreed that the Sabbatarians would be allowed to observe the Sabbath on Saturday and return to their normal activities, but he also decreed that Sunday would be observed as the only Sabbath at court. [24] The Rubenids consolidated their power by controlling strategic roads with fortifications that extended from the Taurus Mountains into the plain and along the borders, including the baronial and royal castles at Sis, Anavarza, Vahka, Vaner/Kovara, Sarvandikar, Kuklak, Til Hamtun, Hadjin, and Gaban (modern Geben).[4]. Culture that is as rich and resilient thus expelled the Muslims living in Cilicia, primarily in country... Val Ismaili initially planned to spend his summer break hiking an established long-distance.... Ad 51 Armenia fell to an Iberian invasion sponsored by Parthia, led Rhadamistus! And a terrible bloodbath ensued against the inhabitants and garrison [ 38 ] During this,. 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