spitak earthquake deaths

The flight also carried Robert Seiple (president of World Vision) and a UCLA doctor who had worked in the aftermath of the 1985 Mexico City earthquake. [17], December 1988 earthquake in Armenian SSR, USSR. The intensity of the earthquake in Spitak was X 'Devastating' on the Medvedyev-Sponheuer-Karnik-64 scale, with a death toll of 17% of the population; in Gumri it was IX-X 'Destructive', with. The group, including a structural engineer who specialized in seismic-resistant designs, agreed that building inadequacies were the primary reason why the strong (but not huge) earthquake was so damaging, although the freezing temperatures also played a role in the unusually high death toll. Those who were killed on the plane were planning to join an estimated 20,000 soldiers and 85,000 civil defense workers in rescue efforts by searching for survivors, supplying food and water, and setting up sanitation facilities in the region. Gorbachev was the last living Soviet leader following the death of Georgy Malenkov in 1988, and is the only one to have been born during the Soviet Union's existence. Since most of the buildings had high seismic vulnerability, the newspaper Pravda attributed the scale of the destruction to the poor quality standards of buildings madeduring Brezhnev's term, according to EVN Report. The Soviet estimate of the deaths in the Armenia Earthquake exceeds 25,000, but unofficial estimates put this figure at 2 to 3 times this number, making it one of the worst natural disasters of this century. On the morning of Dec. 7, the mainshock hit, strongly shaking the region for 30 seconds. President Ronald Reagan's Statements on the Spitak Earthquake of 1988 December 7, 2021 victoriapavlov I will never forget December 7th, 1988. Water and electrical supplies were also cut off and although some of the electricity was repaired within a week, according to the Electric Power Research Institute, many residences didn't have their electricity restored for months after the earthquake. "[40], The Soviets and an American group of architects each devised separate outlines for rebuilding the town of Spitak. [23], In late December the last of the survivors that were able to be extricated were pulled from the fallen buildings, rescue operations ceased, and the cleanup began, beginning with the destruction of buildings that were too heavily damaged to be repaired. The city of Leninakan, with 290,000 inhabitants, and the towns of Stepanavan and Kirovakan in the northern area of Armenia, were also hit by the earthquake. - list, stats and map. Leonid Bibin, deputy chairman of the state building committee, stated that many newer homes collapsed as well and that he was beginning an investigation into the matter and that criminal charges would be brought. With its epicenter located in the town of Spitak, the northwestern region of Armenia shook for approximately 30 seconds. Going westward the fault split into two branches, a north-dipping reverse fault (north branch) and a right slip fault (south branch), but neither produced surface rupture. It measured 6.9 on the Richter scale and affected an area 80 kilometres in diameter. The cities of Spitak, Leninakan (now Gyumri), Kirovakan (now Vanadzor) and Stepanavan, as well as hundreds of villages were totally or partially destroyed. A second site that was close to the fault, also near the Pambak river and with similar soil deposits, did not experience liquefaction, though it would have experienced the same high peak ground accelerations as the failed highway embankment. According to the Los Angeles Times, 130 factories were destroyed and at least 170,000 people were out of work. At 11:41 a.m., the earthquake damaged nearly a third of the small country and destroyed the town of Spitak near the epicenter. At that time 20 projects had completed the planning process and some had been approved and construction started. 33 years after the devastating earthquake in Spitak - Horizon "], [{"type": "publication", "value": "1994-08-23"}]. This is a massive undertaking, and foreign involvement is both a necessary and a complicating factor. About 25,000-50,000 deaths and around 130,000 injuries. On this day December 7 th, in 1988, an earthquake hit Spitak with a magnitude of 7.1, which destroyed the entire town, though much of this was blamed on the poor structural quality of many of the buildings. In pictures: 25th anniversary of Armenian earthquake - BBC News In support of the relief effort, recording artists united to produce several music-related contributions for the victims of the quake. Nine crew and 69 military personnel were on board the plane that struck a helicopter in foggy conditions at the small airport that was overrun with rescue flights. Spitak Earthquake - armeniapedia.org The narrator talks about "the terrifying Spitak earthquake". Welcome to Size - Explorer The first FREE portal which is able to compare COVID-19 Virus stats, bombs, buildings, helicopters, airplanes, cities, countries, continents and planets in an userfriendly interface Are you ready? Research groups from the former U.S.S.R., U.S.A., France, and Japan studied the earthquake area. During his visit, Governor Colyer presented the Armenian Government with proclamations designating December 6, 2018, as Kansas-Armenia Partnership Day and December 7, 2018, as Spitak . Let us take a moment to remember this tragedy. The final number of people who died reached 25,000. The work of the Armenian nuclear power plant was stopped . [30] Nikolai Ryzhkov, the then Chairman of the Council of Ministers, was awarded the National Hero of Armenia for his work in rebuilding the city following the earthquake. A group of French recording artists and actors came together with the French writer and composer Charles Aznavour to record the 1989 song "Pour toi Armnie" (For you Armenia). Marrecca Fiore | February 13, 2020 In 1988, a 6.9 magnitude earthquake struck near the northern Armenian city of Spitak. At 11:41 a.m., the earthquake damaged nearly a third of the small country and destroyed the town of Spitak near the epicenter. Browse 194 spitak earthquake stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. PDF Title: The December 7,1988 Armenia earthquake effects on selected power 11 cities and 342 villages were affected. In the final month of 1988, Armenia was struck by an earthquake that absolutely devastated the northern region of the country and displaced hundreds of thousands of people, throwing many into housing insecurity that's lasted over 30 years. Exactly 33 years ago - at 11:41 am on December 7, 1988 - a terrible category 9 earthquake on the Richter scale shook Armenia. Northern Armenia comprises a mountainous plateau interspersed with populated river valleys and is home to a portion of the Caucasus Mountains, which sit along an active seismic belt spanning from the Alps in southern Europe to the Himalayas in Asia. The unrest and the opposition movement began in September 1988 with negotiations between the Karabakh Committee and Gorbachev taking place throughout most of 1989. The tremors struck at 11:41am local time, and the buildings began to collapse almost instantly.. Spitak, which was at the epicenter of the earthquake, was almost entirely levelled in just 30 seconds. [39], As of July 1989, about $500 million in donations had been delivered to the Armenians from 113 countries. As it would later be known, according to various estimates the final statistics of the death reached 38.000. 25,000 people died, of which 15-17,000 were killed in Gyumri, and 4,000 in Spitak. Latest quakes in or near Spitak, Lori, Armenia, in the past 24 hours on Saturday, August 27, 2022. The new plan would deviate from Soviet styles that were found to be rigid and outdated and would mirror characteristics of the local culture. Zestap'oni , Imereti , Georgia. Armenia is a small country about the size of Maryland that borders Turkey to the west, Iran to the south, Azerbaijan to the east and Georgia to the north. A population of 3.6 million lives in . For the fifteen months prior to the earthquake and at times up to hundreds of thousands of protesters, represented by the Karabakh Committee, were demanding both democracy and the unification of Nagorno-Karabakh (administered by Soviet Azerbaijan but disputed autonomous territory with a 76% Armenian majority and a 23% Azerbaijani minority in 1989)[13] in the mountains of the Karabakh region. Jump to navigation Jump to search . Early treatment for PTSD after a disaster has lasting effects Thirty years after Armenian earthquake, a New Yorker - Eurasianet With the collapse of the Soviet Union three years later, reconstruction became even more of an arduous task. The Spitak Earthquake DATA ONLINE: Collapse of an old stone masonry Armenian church near Leninakan. Following an invitation by the Soviets for a critique of their plan, the American proposal was ultimately accepted as the way forward. Earthquakes in Spitak, Lori Province, Armenia - Biggest Magnitude December 7th marks 33 years since the 1988 Spitak Earthquake. Seismic analysis revealed a complex seismic waveform pattern significantly more complex than those normally seen for an event of this size, according to a 1993 study in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. On anniversary of Spitak earthquake, President Sarkissian calls for Activity in the area is associated with tectonic plate boundary interaction and the source of the event was slip on a thrust fault just to the north of Spitak. It struck three days ago at 1141 local time when children were at school and most people at work. 1988: Death toll rises in Armenian earthquake, 1961: Apartheid attacked at Nobel ceremony. [9], American businessman and philanthropist Armand Hammer, well known to the Soviet Union for his financial pursuits and humanitarian ties, left Los Angeles for Armenia onboard a Boeing 727 loaded with 1,000kg (2,300lb) of medical supplies that were provided by the American Red Cross. Relief didnt just come from the U.S. India sent a 42-member medical team, France sent 200 rescue workers and doctors, Cuba sent blood donations and Pope John Paul II contributed $100,000. The next day, on December 12th, a Yugoslav military plane crashed during its attempt to land, roughly 10 miles from the Yerevan airport. Two-thirds of the victims were under 18. The first well-documented case of liquefaction in gravelly sands was in regard to the 1983 Borah Peak earthquake in the United States. On December 11th, a Soviet cargo jet crashed as it reached the Leninakan airport, resulting in the deaths of 78 people. The country had no disaster contingency plans and rescue efforts were disorganized, which led to more deaths. With the winter temperatures and domik windows made of cheap plastic instead of glass, sometimes people freeze to death during the night. NOAA and NCEI cannot assume liability for any damages caused by any errors or omissions in these data. The disaster has led to an unprecedented level of openness by the Soviet authorities as they struggle to cope with the devastation. In the town of Spitak, out of 36 hospitals, 24 were completely destroyed and 8 were partially destroyed. The mainshock produced surface rupture and propagated to the west with a separate strike-slip sub-event occurring two seconds later that propagated to the southeast. The Soviet Union declared today a national day of mourning as the death toll rose and President Gorbachev toured the cities devastated by the earthquake. Four minutes later, a magnitude 5.9 aftershock hit. Rumbles from the quake were felt as far as Georgia and Azerbaijan. . On Dec. 6, 1988, a magnitude-3 earthquake hit northern Armenia, though it received little attention because of the perceived lack of serious seismic risk in the area. [19], The Soviet news media and government officials soon began to discuss the apparent substandard construction styles that had caused so many of Armenia's buildings to collapse. Bruce Bolt, a seismologist and a professor of earth and planetary science at the University of California, Berkeley, walked the length of the fault scarp in 1992 and found that the vertical displacement measured 1m (3.3ft) along most of the length with the southwest end reaching 1.6m (5.2ft). In Spitak, located 6.6 miles from the epicenter (population 30 000), the intensity of the earthquake was rated X ('Devastating') on the Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik-64 (MSK-64) scale, with a death toll of 5000. The Soviet Union has made an appeal for medical aid requesting, in particular, blood transfusion equipment and dialysis machines. Today's Earthquakes Today's Earthquakes; Big Quakes; Places LA and Southern California; . Although some people were rescued as long as 19 days after the earthquake, thousands succumbed to hypothermia in the freezing winter conditions. The daily newspaper Sotsialisticheskaya Industriya noted that there were families living out in the open even while there was an abundance of tents available. 25-year follow-up of treated and not-treated adolescents after the The Spitak earthquake caused considerably destruction in Armenia and multiple deaths (according to official data, about 25 000). The effects of the earthquake were absolutely devastating. Metadata Updated: November 12, 2020. One hundred and thirteen countries sent substantial amounts of humanitarian aid to the Soviet Union in the form of rescue equipment, search teams and medical supplies. The Times paid special attention to Jewish and Israeli aid in the summer of 1989. Six digital recorders built by the Institut de Physique du Globe de Strasbourg were also used to record signals from three-component seismometers. The team then set out to determine an accurate velocity model using data from the more accurate telemetry network. 194 Spitak Earthquake Premium High Res Photos - Getty Images Factors positively associated with depression score included number of stressful life events (95% CI 0.33, 1.20), poor self-rated health (95% CI 2.45, 5.40), earthquake-related deaths in the family (95% CI 0.12, 3.80), and strong phobia and fear at baseline (95% CI 0.51, 2.96). Additionally, the AmeriCares Foundation of New Canaan, Conn., sent a plane with 45 tons of medical supplies. Between 25,000and 100,000 people are estimated to have died, upwards of 130,000 were injured, and half a million people were rendered homeless. In several cases, relief teams ended up stuck in Moscow because officials simply didn't know where to send them. Image credit: World Bank. This was a tragedy to which the whole world responded. Death and funeral of Mikhail Gorbachev - Wikipedia The 1988 earthquake which, 30 years ago tomorrow, destroyed the town of Spitak, and wrecked the city of Gyumri, killing more than 20,000 people in the North of Armenia. The earthquake hit 40% of the territory of Armenia, densely populated regions with 1 million people. Health minister Yevgeniy Chazov urged the creation of a governmental body to assist with disaster management. City gone in 30 seconds: How deadly earthquake devastated Soviet Mikhail Gorbachev was in New York on his first day of visits with Ronald Reagan and George H. W. Bush at the time of the earthquake, and once the scale of the disaster was realized, a quick departure was made back to Armenia, with the Kremlin formally asking for American help. Chrysler chairman Lee Iacocca arranged for a fund drive, and in Chicago (one of five major Armenian population centers in the US) the community raised $800,000 and donated 9,000 kilograms (20,000lb) of supplies. But Armenia is not historically devoid of seismic activity and has seen numerous devastating earthquakes. The earthquake death toll was by far the highest worldwide in the 1980s[20] and third-highest worldwide in the period 19712003[21][22] (33 years). By mid-January it was clear that Spitak, the epicenter of the earthquake, "will never rise again on its present site." A local official called the city the Armenian Pompeii. The most devastating earthquakes in the history of the USSR The epicenter was in the city of Spitak and surrounding . In 735 A.D., the Vayots Dzor Province was struck by an earthquake with aftershocks that lasted for 40 days. Latest Earthquakes in Spitak, Lori, Armenia, Today: Past 24 Hours Gyumri. Crush syndrome, which occurs when damaged tissues release toxins and alter blood chemistry leading to renal failure, is a common cause of death in large earthquakes. For some, like Ara Tadevossian and his mother, there's a belief that it might have been tragically fortunate not to be rescued in the first few days, simply because everything had been destroyed and it might not have been possible to airlift people to safety earlier. This mountain system began to form during the Late Triassic, largely from the tectonic collision between the Arabian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. An earthquake registering 6.9 on the Richter scale hit the northern part of the Armenian Republic of the So- viet Union at 11:41 a.m. on 7 December 1988. Many children ended up being sent to the United States for medical treatment, staying there during their recovery until going back to Armenia. Spitak, a town of 25,000 inhabitants, was completely destroyed. A geographically stratified subsample of 725 adults exposed to the Spitak earthquake was assessed for depression using DSM-III-R criteria in 1991 and 2012. . The Earthquake Engineering Research Institute's team compared building damage in each city and observed similar results when comparing stone buildings four stories or less in height, but for taller frame-stone buildings, 62% were destroyed at Leninakan while only 23% collapsed at Kirovakan. Twelve days after the mainshock a French-Soviet team installed a temporary seismic network in the epicentral area to record aftershock activity (a separate expedition from the United States also visited the site). "Today we commemorate the memory of the victims of the 1988 December disaster, the earthquake," the Pesident said. However, according to Earth Magazine, these quakes didn't receive much attention because few thought that there was a serious seismic risk in the region. December 7 marks the 33rd anniversary of the devastating earthquake in Spitak. By the end of 1988, there were practically no Muslims (Turks or Kurds) left in Armenia. The total number of volunteer rescue personnel in Leninakan totalled 2,000, with teams from Austria, Canada, Switzerland, the United States, Poland and Yugoslavia. Rumbles from the quake were felt as far as Georgia and Azerbaijan. The highway's embankment failed, and though the site was repaired immediately, the resulting damage to the highway caused considerable delay in getting people and supplies into and out of the area following the disaster. He met with President Ronald Reagan and Vice President George H.W. Of the estimated 20,000 residents some 4,500 were killed in the earthquake. Among these were the creation, in 1991, of the country's first Emergency Management Administration and the National Service for Seismic Protection. Areas to the southwest of Armenia, such as the northeastern Mediterranean coast, Turkey and Iran, are quite seismically active: More than four quakes with magnitudes greater than six have struck Turkey in the 20th century alone. Many consider the poor living conditions to be responsible for their health problems. Despite the international relief efforts, the earthquake zone is still considered a disaster zone, and rebuilding has been slow, with recovery hampered by the collapse of the Soviet Union and subsequent war with Azerbaijan. Half of those funds were from World Vision International, a California-based relief and development umbrella organization and the other half were his own personal donation. Private donations from the United States were also significant. 514,000 people were left homeless. It also includes the geological and geophysical information collected during the years prior to the event, important for understanding the event. The complex quake involved two or more ruptures on different fault planes. Since the Spitak earthquake, Armenia has made efforts to study and monitor the countrys seismic activity and improve emergency preparedness. Today in History: 7 December 1988 Spitak Earthquake killed over 60,000 PMID: 29513918 DOI: 10.1002/jts.22260 Abstract This population-based longitudinal study examined the rates and predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among 725 differentially exposed survivors of the 1988 Spitak earthquake in Armenia, 23 years after the event. The purpose of this compilation--which was developed as a cooperative effort between centers in Russia and the United States--is to provide seismologists around the world with a complete set of data for the devastating earthquake that occurred in Armenia on December 7, 1988. [35], The French arrived in Armenia in the late evening on Friday, December 9, and relieved the exhausted Armenian workers who then returned to Yerevan. [29], Avant-garde musician Pierre Schaeffer led a 498-member French rescue team to look for survivors in Leninakan, and worked there until all foreign personnel were asked to leave after the plan to bulldoze what was left of the ruins was formulated. Retrospective analysis of the Spitak earthquake - ResearchGate

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