instructors can demonstrate the sterile cockpit concept by

Commonly known as the "sterile cockpit rule," these regulations taxi, takeoff and landing, and all other flight operations conducted below If this fluid is not replaced, fatigue progresses to dizziness, weakness, nausea, tingling of hands and feet, abdominal cramps, and extreme thirst, Heatstroke is a condition caused by any inability of the body to control its temperature. related purposes as ordering galley supplies and confirming passenger When this occurs, the instructor should be prepared to schedule additional training, Positive exchange of flight controls is an integral part of flight training. However, at a minimum, the instructor needs to cite the appropriate 14 CFR part 61 section that has been completed, FAA inspectors and DPEs rely on flight instructor recommendations as evidence of qualification for certification, and proof that a review has been given of the subject areas found to be deficient on the appropriate knowledge test. was extraneous conversation between cockpit crew members. feet MSL (mean sea level). In many districts, the board has delegated authority to an administrator or third party to hear the expulsion case. it is a very interesting idea. The following are examples of distractions that can be used for this training: Drop a pencil. The intentional practice of stalls and spins seldom resulted in an accident. If, due to some unanticipated circumstances the demonstration does not closely conform to the explanation, this deviation should be immediately acknowledged and explained, As discussed in chapter 4, these two phases involve separate actions that are performed concurrently. This is why once an initial assumption is made regarding the problem, other sources must be used to verify that the pilots conclusion is correct, While on a cross-country flight, Brenda discovers her time en route between two checkpoints is significantly longer than the time she originally calculated. Hazardous attitudes need to be noticed immediately and corrected with the proper antidote to minimize the potential for any flight hazard, Learning how to recognize and cope with stress is another effective ADM tool. From a broader perspective, the phrase "human factors related" more aptly describes these accidents since it is usually not a single decision that leads to an accident, but a chain of events triggered by a number of factors, The poor judgment chain, or the error chain, describes this concept of contributing factors in a human factors related accident. The real danger was inadvertent stalls induced by distractions during routine flight situations, Pilots at all skill levels should be aware of the increased risk of entering into an inadvertent stall or spin while performing tasks that are secondary to controlling the aircraft. A certain amount of stress is good since it keeps a person alert and prevents complacency. Human Error in Aviation and Legal Process, Stabilised Approach Awareness Toolkit for ATC, Flight Deck Procedures (A Guide for Controllers), International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), "Accident and Incident Reports Show Importance of Sterile Cockpit Compliance". The student must be intellectually and psychologically ready for the learning activity. An assessment should provide direction and guidance to raise the level of performance. visiting the cockpit or calling on the interphone were noted in almost one quarter It just happens. This may prompt the student to evaluate how these factors affect performance and judgment. DHC Dash 7. She verifies that the original calculations are correct and considers factors that may have lengthened the time between checkpoints, such as a climb or deviation off course. Since some of the most valuable internal resources are ingenuity, knowledge, and skill, pilots can expand flight deck resources immensely by improving their capabilities. section, critical phase of flight involves all ground operations involving Where introduced, these proactive moves have been widely adhered to and recognised as a valuable contribution to operational flight safety. discovered, his absence from the ATC frequency caused an overload with his First In 1981 surgery would think too kindly of the surgical team who failed to sterilize reasons of great urgency. Breaking one link in the chain is all that is usually necessary to change the outcome of the sequence of events. Practice the "see and avoid" concept at all times regardless of whether the training is conducted under VFR or instrument flight rules (IFR). the aircraft was slightly off course and flying at an altitude of 560 Worry or distraction may be due to student concerns about progress in the training course, or may stem from circumstances completely unrelated to their instruction. It is important the flight instructor not only teach the concept of a sterile cockpit, but also model such behavior during flight instruction, National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) statistics reveal that most stall/spin accidents occurred when the pilots attention was diverted from the primary task of flying the aircraft. Copyright SKYbrary Aviation Safety, 2021-2023. Instructors can teach this skill by prompting their students to prepare for a high workload. Based on his original calculations, he believed sufficient fuel remained for the flight home, Fatigue/failure to recognize personal limitationsin the presence of deteriorating weather, the pilot departed for the flight home at 5:00 p.m. Acute fatigue, a normal occurrence of everyday living, is the tiredness felt after long periods of physical and mental strain, including strenuous muscular effort, immobility, heavy mental workload, strong emotional pressure, monotony, and lack of sleep, Acute fatigue caused by training operations may be physical or mental, or both. [Figure 8-10], One way of exploring the subject of stress with a student is to recognize when stress is affecting performance. After an intensive look at ADM with suggestions for how to interweave ADM, risk management, and SRM into the teaching process, it closes with a discussion of CFI recommendations. Certificated flight instructor (CFI) Daniel decides his student, Mary, has gained enough confidence in flying that it is time for her to develop personal weather minimums. In this case, the students knowledge of the aircraft, the POH, an instructor or other experienced pilot, or an AMT can be a resource which may help define the problem, During cross-country training, students may be asked to consider the following situation. The first of these phases is the students performance of the physical or mental skills that have been explained and demonstrated. Every flight instructor can agree that everyone wants to be safe, but what does "safety" really mean? Other examples of SBT can have the instructor adding undesired landing sites for balloon student pilots, rope breaks for glider students, and radio outages for instrument airplane students. Students who are not completely at ease, and whose attention is diverted by discomforts such as the extremes of temperature, poor ventilation, inadequate lighting, or noise and confusion, cannot learn at a normal rate. . The overall focus of flight training should be on education, learning, and understanding why the standards are there and how they were set. This may be done as each procedure or maneuver is completed or summarized during postflight critiques. thousands of ASRS reports, the potential for problems (such as misunderstood The student who hesitates when prompt action is required, or who makes the decision to not decide, has made a wrong decision. While these pressures may exist in the workplace, students may also experience the same type of stress regarding their flight training schedule. Numerous accidents have occurred due to a lack of communication or misunderstanding regarding who had actual control of the aircraft, particularly between students and flight instructors. to flying the aircraft. Scenario-based training (SBT), a type of PBL, uses a highly structured script of real world experiences to address aviation training objectives in an operational environment. Note: Taxi is defined as movement of an airplane under its own power on the surface of an airport.. The ability to make effective decisions as PIC depends on a number of factors. The weather at the time of the incident was reported as marginal VFR due to rain showers and thunderstorms. As the student develops immunity, flights can be increased in length until normal flight periods are practicable, Keeping students interested and occupied during flight is a deterrent to airsickness. All rights reserved. Several reports we examined indicate (b) No flight crew member may The importance of teaching students effective ADM skills can not be overemphasized. of impact was 1,200 feet MSL. Through doing, students learn to follow correct procedures and to reach established standards. Fixating on a problem that does not exist can divert the pilots attention from important tasks. While the regulation grew out of accidents in the airline industry, it holds true for the entire aviation community. This is where learning takes place and where performance habits are formed. [Figure 8-5], First, the flight instructor gives a carefully planned demonstration of the procedure or maneuver with accompanying verbal explanation. The PIC should brief passengers before the flight to make sure that they are comfortable voicing any concerns, Possibly the greatest external resources during flight are air traffic controllers and flight service specialists. With potentially hazardous or difficult maneuvers, the instructor should be alert and ready to take control at any time. It is just as important that a student be advanced to the subsequent step as soon as one goal has been attained, as it is to complete each step before the next one is undertaken. This frequently limits the students perceptive ability and retards the development of insights. A student who is airsick or bothered with incipient airsickness is incapable of learning at a normal rate. There are many types of assessment, but the flight instructor generally uses the review, collaborative assessment (LCG), written tests, and performance-based tests to ascertain knowledge or practical skill levels. These two dates should be the same, Completion of prerequisites for a practical test is another instructor task that must be documented properly. [Figure 8-11], During a lesson, workload can be gradually increased as the instructor monitors the students management of tasks. The FAA has established a policy for use of certain distractions on practical tests for pilot certification. When the aircraft was fueled the following morning, 60 gallons of fuel were required to fill the 62-gallon capacity tanks. a pretty good idea when it is first considered. Now, the student must visualize how he or she will handle the unexpected change, During this visualization, the flight instructor can ask questions to check the students thought processes. This helps the student develop good off-field landings techniques. a very fine elucidation. FAR 121.542 The instructor should be satisfied that the student is well prepared and understands the task before starting. Aviation strategies often guide patient safety improvement discussions. For example, in a weight-shift control aircraft the control bar is moved right to turn left. After an intensive look at ADM, it closes with a discussion of CFI recommendations and endorsements, A CFI must be thoroughly familiar with the functions, characteristics, and proper use of all flight instruments, avionics, and other aircraft systems being used for training. gaisano grand mall mission and vision . ADM training focuses on the decision-making process and the factors that affect a pilots ability to make effective choices, Timely decision-making is an important tool for any pilot. Rules and regulations are designed to address known or suspected conditions detrimental to safety, but there is always the probability that some new combination of circumstances not contemplated by the regulations will arise, The recognition of aviation training and flight operations as a system led to a "system approach" to aviation safety. Keep all radio communications to a minimum. The instructor must, therefore, allot enough time for meaningful student activity. Chronic fatigues underlying cause is generally not "rest-related" and may have deeper points of origin. Over the years there have been dozens of air carrier accidents that occurred The Sterile Cockpit Rule is an FAA regulation requiring pilots to refrain from non-essential activities during critical phases of flight. disobeying the rule is not intentional. students should be able to identify their own skills and knowledge, aeronautical charts, ATC, flight service, and navigation equipment as some of the resources that can be used in this situation, Effective workload management ensures that essential operations are accomplished by planning, prioritizing, and sequencing tasks to avoid work overload. Maintain coordinated flight by applying rudder in the direction of the turn, Remember, the ailerons control the roll rate, as well as the angle of bank. This practice should continue throughout the flight instruction for all maneuvers. Aircraft Destroyed. connections, announcements made to passengers promoting the air carrier Safety Foundation's August 1992 Flight Safety Digest When pointing out areas that need improvement, offer concrete suggestions that help. This is especially important for flight instruction. cockpit and cabin crew members the captain can politely say, "I think the Penal Code 9.41 and 9.42 are also worth looking at because they describe when force and deadly force can be used to protect property. In assessing the ability of a student, the instructor initially determines if he or she understands the procedure or maneuver. on an instrument approach to Runway 04 when it crashed into high terrain In this step, the student actually plays the role of instructor, telling the instructor what to do and how to do it. By starting with the simplest skill, a student gains confidence and is less likely to become frustrated when faced with building skills that are more complex, Another consideration in this phase is the language used. The deficiencies listed below are apparent to others before the individual notices any physical signs of fatigue, Another form of fatigue is chronic fatigue which occurs when there is not enough time for a full recovery from repeated episodes of acute fatigue. It is not mandatory, but recommended for all endorsements to be worded exactly as those in the AC. The flight instructor should demonstrate good aviation sense at all times: Before the flightdiscuss safety and the importance of a proper preflight and use of the checklist, During flightprioritize the tasks of aviating, navigating, and communicating. / FAR 135.100--Flight Crew Member Duties. In this case, the pilot landed his aircraft without loss of life, Teaching pilots to make sound decisions is the key to preventing accidents. one crew member to be "out of the loop." Aspiring instructors should be prepared to specialise and dedicate their careers to the field of training, leaving others to management and operational leadership. The student should also understand the correct sequence and be aware of safety precautions for each procedure or maneuver. they noticed they were in an unplanned formation with a jet landing on the same Commonly known as the "sterile cockpit rule," these regulations specifically prohibit crew member performance of non-essential duties or activities while the aircraft is involved in taxi, takeoff, landing, and all other flight operations conducted below 10,000 feet MSL, except cruise flight. To learn skills, students must practice. It is neither appropriate nor effective for instructors to try to impress students with their expertise by using language that is unnecessarily complicated. No distinction in the pilots operation of the flight controls is permitted, regardless of whether outside references or instrument indications are used for the performance of the maneuver. The preflight briefing should include procedures for the exchange of flight controls. These demands can be either pleasant or unpleasant in nature. Onset of this condition may be recognized by the symptoms of dehydration, but also has been known to be recognized only by complete collapse. These include but are not limited to: Impatience to proceed to more interesting operations, Physical discomfort, illness, fatigue, and dehydration, Students who believe their instruction is inadequate, or that their efforts are not conscientiously considered and evaluated, do not learn well. The possible consequences, both to themselves and to others, of experiments with flight operations in weather conditions below visual flight rules (VFR) minimums before they are instrument rated should be constantly impressed on the students. When this training technique is used, instruction in the control of an aircraft by outside visual references is integrated with instruction in the use of flight instrument indications for the same operations, It important for the student to establish the habit of observing and relying on flight instruments from the beginning of flight training. As discussed in the section on flight instructor qualifications, instructors must be familiar with the components of each aircraft in which they instruct to ensure students understand the operation of the equipment, Checklists are essential flight deck resources for verifying that the aircraft instruments and systems are checked, set, and operating properly, as well as ensuring that the proper procedures are performed if there is a system malfunction or inflight emergency. of air carrier accidents and serious incidents, the traveling public feels the Typically during a flight, the pilot has time to examine any changes that occur, gather information, and assess risk before reaching a decision. Instruction must be keyed to the utilization of the interests and enthusiasm students bring with them, and to diverting their attention from their worries and troubles to learning the tasks at hand. As little extraneous activity as possible should be included in the demonstration if students are to clearly understand that the instructor is accurately performing the actions previously explained. Most illnesses adversely affect the acuteness of vision, hearing, and feeling, all of which are essential to correct performance, Airsickness can be a great deterrent to flight instruction. These data demonstrate increased distraction during emergence compared with other phases of anaesthesia. To prevent these symptoms, it is recommended that an ample supply of water be carried and used at frequent intervals on any long flight, whether the pilot is thirsty or not. This may be done by frequent review of new periodicals and technical publications, personal contacts with FAA inspectors and designated pilot examiners (DPE), and by participation in pilot and flight instructor clinics. Psychological problems such as financial, home life, or job-related stresses cause a lack of qualified rest that is only solved by mitigating the underlying problems before the fatigue is solved. From Flight There is general enthusiasm for applying strategies from aviation directly to medical care, and the application of the sterile cockpit concept to the OR has been suggested. In teaching a skill, the instructor must convey to the students the precise actions they are to perform. To explain the decision-making process, the instructor can introduce the following steps with the accompanying scenario that places the students in the position of making a decision about a typical flight situation, The first step in the decision-making process is to define the problem. altitude is less than 10,000 feet, crews make a specific DME mileage their beginning For example, locating an item on a chart or setting a radio frequency may be delegated to another pilot or passenger, an autopilot (if available) may be used, or ATC may be enlisted to provide assistance, This chapter discussed the demonstration-performance and telling-and-doing training delivery methods of flight instruction, SBT techniques, practical strategies flight instructors can use to enhance their instruction, integrated flight instruction, positive exchange of flight controls, use of distractions, obstacles to learning encountered during flight training, and how to evaluate students. Ask the student to pick it up, Ask the student to determine a heading to an airport using a chart, Ask the student to get something from the back seat, Ask the student to read the outside air temperature, Ask the student to call the Automated Flight Service Station (AFSS) for weather information, Ask the student to compute true airspeed with a flight computer, Ask the student to identify terrain or objects on the ground, Ask the student to identify a field suitable for a forced landing, Have the student climb 200 feet and maintain altitude, then descend 200 feet and maintain altitude, Have the student reverse course after a series of S-turns, It is a flight instructors responsibility to teach the student how to take charge during a flight. Exact interpretation of what constitutes the "sterile zone" is influenced by aircraft type, role, and operating environment. Due to the importance of this subject, the following discussion provides guidance on the recommended procedure to use for the positive exchange of flight controls between pilots when operating an aircraft, Incident/accident statistics indicate a need to place additional emphasis on the exchange of control of an aircraft by pilots.

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