naive scientist vs cognitive miser

/ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] endobj [40] Kruglanski proposed that people are combination of nave scientists and cognitive misers: people are flexible social thinkers who choose between multiple cognitive strategies (i.e., speed/ease vs. accuracy/logic) based on their current goals, motives, and needs.[40]. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding Stereotype, as a phenomenon, has become a standard topic in sociology and social psychology.[14]. 272 0 R 273 0 R 274 0 R 275 0 R 276 0 R 277 0 R 278 0 R 279 0 R 280 0 R 281 0 R [5] [6] These shortcuts include the use of schemas, scripts, stereotypes, and other simplified perceptual strategies instead of careful thinking. 6 [194 0 R 195 0 R 196 0 R 197 0 R 198 0 R 199 0 R 200 0 R 201 0 R 202 0 R 203 0 R /Group << <> -Culture: the traditions of a certain group of people /InlineShape /Sect endobj 722 333 389 722 611 889 722 722 556 722 /Contents 38 0 R -How humans think and behave like they do, Briefly describe the history of this area of psychology. /Font << In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of humans to think and solveproblems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. A large share of the world supply of diamonds comes from Russia and South Africa. Positive impressions are typically formed in the absence of any(negative) information, more easily changed in light of subsequent negative info, Negative impressions are formed when there is any sign ofnegative information, difficult to change in light of subsequent positive information, we are biased towards negativity WHY? -Cognitive Misers: take shortcuts whenever possible, value ease and efficiency at the expense of accuracy. /F3 23 0 R Widely shared within cultures, but differ between cultures, Can be based on personal experience Resistant to change, We typically assume that physically attractive people are good, They are interesting, warm, outgoing, socially skilled, Halo effect: our overall impression of a person colours ourperception of that persons specific traits, Allow us to quickly make sense of person, situation, event or placeon basis of limited information, Guide our thoughts, feelings, and behaviours towards things, Less time consuming & less effortful, yield quick solutions, Sometimes inaccurate, misapplied, inadequate, Instances are assigned to categories or types on basis of overallsimilarity to the category, As a result, we sometimes ignore base-rate information, Tendency to seek out & attend to information that confirms onesbeliefs & ignore information that is inconsistent with ones beliefs, Beliefs/schemas become resilient this way. /Footer /Sect 134 0 R 135 0 R 136 0 R 137 0 R 138 0 R] endobj clothes, grooming), motives, feelings, attitudes, interests, People combine attributes/traits that have valence into an overall positive or negative impression (Anderson, 1978). [22] However, as Lau and Redlawsk note, acting as cognitive miser who employs heuristics can have very different results for high-information and low-informationvoters. 2,000 & 11,000 \\ /Parent 2 0 R continued demands and government responses are therefore unfair, racism is wrong, my beliefs are not racist they are based on facts >> /Subtype /Type1 It is, in many ways, a unifying theory which suggests that humans engage in economically prudent thought processes, instead of acting like scientists who rationally weigh costs and benefits, test hypothesis, and update expectations based upon the results of the experiments that are our everyday actions. The "motivated tactician" model is best described by which of the following? /F2 22 0 R On what dimensions do cultures differ? In this sense, effective communication can be achieved if media provide audiences with cognitive shortcuts or heuristics that are resonate with underlying audience schemata. (1950s) a. /Macrosheet /Part 15 0 obj Three lines of research within the Cognitive Miser. >> [37], The cognitive miser theory did not originally specify the role of motivation. How did the experimenters increase inter-group hostility between the two groups of boys? /ExtGState << The meaning seeker theory reject both metaphors of human cognitive behaviors of cognitive miser and motivated tactician. z^DIur0rPZaH4mtBg\J7.Wz6lVhm YPvkQ~r`(a`qZb5T&i@yWm0p7&qVC&lRi@Fj\35N#i#`F /1b|U >> 28 0 obj 101 0 R 102 0 R 103 0 R 104 0 R 105 0 R 106 0 R 107 0 R 108 0 R 109 0 R 110 0 R [37] These two cognitive processing systems are not separate and can have interactions with each other. System 1 always operates automatically, with our easiest shortcut but often with error. Gordon . naive scientist vs cognitive misercan low magnesium kill you. What variables influence whether or not people conform? << -Social facilitation: enhancement of performance brought out by the presence of others The term stereotype is thus introduced: people have to reconstruct the complex situation on a simpler model before they can cope with it, and the simpler model can be regarded as stereotype. [35], The theory that human beings are cognitive misers, also shed light on the dualprocesstheory in psychology. "The subtlest and most pervasive of all influences are those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes. (a) Graph this equation with a graphing calculator and the window ttt-min =2,t=-2, t=2,t-max =10=10=10; SSS-min =20,Smax=250=-20, S-\max =250=20,Smax=250. Gordon Pennycook . It is an important concept in socialcognition theory and has been influential in other social sciences such as economics and political science. Naive scientistHeider (1958a) argued that ordinary people are scientific, rational thinkers who make causal attributions using similar processes to those of scientists.NarcissismIndividual differences variable characterized by extremely high but insecure levels of self-esteem. [2][20] Given the limited information processing capabilities of individuals, people are always trying to adopt strategies that simplify complex problems. What is the difference between them? In psychology, the human mind is considered to be a cognitive miser due to the tendency of people to think and solve problems in simpler and less effortful ways rather than in more sophisticated and more effortful ways, regardless of intelligence. 83 0 R 84 0 R 85 0 R 86 0 R 87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R] /Type /Page [15] Fiske and Taylor, building upon the prevalence of heuristics in human cognition, offered their theory of the cognitive miser. /Subtype /TrueType [9][pageneeded] Some of these heuristics include: The frequency with which Kahneman and Tversky and other attribution researchers found the individuals employed mental shortcuts to make decisions and assessments laid important groundwork for the overarching idea that individuals and their minds act efficiently instead of analytically. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Acting as a cognitive miser should lead those with expertise in an area to more efficient informationprocessing and streamlined decision making. things that change one's thinking (cognitive miser vs naive scientist) . ->Temne: food accumulating, shared resources, more confomity 14 0 obj -Attention: Americans focus on objects, Japanese focused on the context (spatial orientation) /LastChar 116 Before this, human thinking was. /F2 22 0 R How do dissonance reduction and self-justification affect prejudice and discrimination? 0 333 0 500 0 444 500 444 500 444 applied to all aspects of our lives, it saves us time and cognitive processing, /Type /Group schemas create theories about how features go together and why, helps determine category membership, expertise affects the way we classify objects, classifying things according to how similar they are to the typical case, example of representativeness heuristic in medicine, the medicine should look like the disease eat bats for blindness, failure to recognize the the co-occurrence of two outcomes cannot be greater than the probability of each outcome alone, making judgments about the frequency or likelihood of an event based on the ease with which evidence or examples come to mind, tendency to assume that one has contributed more than their fair share to joint endeavors, spouses and house work /Font << /Font << /Type /Group The Nave Scientist Attribution theory Making Attributions Attributional Biases The Cognitive Miser Heuristics The Motivated Tactician Social Categorization Basic Principles Why Do We Categorize? 4,000 & 9,000 \\ 323 0 R 324 0 R 325 0 R 326 0 R 327 0 R 328 0 R 329 0 R 330 0 R 331 0 R 332 0 R -Fundamental attribution error: make dispositional attributions for others' behaviors, its the persons fault for what they did Five general views of the thinker emerge in social psychology: consistency seeker, nave scientist, cognitive miser, motivated tactician, and activated actor. /DescendantFonts [366 0 R] /ExtGState << -Cognitive component: stereotypes [37] In Fiske's subsequent research, the omission of the role of intent in the metaphor of cognitive miser is recognized. /Type /Font -O6'3:gLM./HP7f_Pm.Td]o>/pv/%]*+x/v]s&huL?tF&|A{>[#ncBq7_ \* gUF g53sV{jwL~*Q?L"\Nc7S;Jv_TO#,$=wa)3bpmn0`n^m9s;'g0lOwPO qu?tv,. People can be cognitive misers over naive scientists but the ], People tend to use heuristic shortcuts when making decisions. The elaboration likelihood model is a psychological theory that explains how perspectives are formed and changed through persuasion communication. People have trouble in imagining how small failings can pile up to form a catastrophe; People tend to get accustomed to risk. /F6 26 0 R >> /Contents 37 0 R /F1 21 0 R << endobj Pennycook . Lippmann therefore suggested that the public "cannot be wise", since they can be easily misled by overly simplified reality which is consistent with their pre-existing pictures in mind, and any disturbance of the existing stereotypes will seem like "an attack upon the foundation of the universe". >> -Pluralistic ignorance: error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do Framing theory suggest that the same topic will result in different interpretations among audience, if the information is presented in different ways. /CS /DeviceRGB /CS /DeviceRGB /Type /ExtGState /Widths [250 0 0 0 0 0 778 0 0 0 /Slide /Part The basic principle is to save mental energy as much as possible, even when it is required to "use your head". Exemplar view: representation is set of examples of members. too much on mibd = heuristics 3) importance - heuristics better for estimates, if decison is important become a naive scientist 4) information level - if have all necessary info = become naive scientist -Simple tasks: surrounded by people during a simple task makes us perform better Why has research focused on European-American prejudice against minority groups? A practical example of cognitive misers' way of thinking in risk assessment of DeepwaterHorizonexplosion, is presented below.

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