which software was the first available for microcomputers quizlet

Under the leadership of MIT's Gordon Brown and Jay Forrester, the team first built a small analog simulator, but found it inaccurate and inflexible. At the time IBM released the System/360, the company had just made the transition from discrete transistors to integrated circuits, and its major source of revenue began to move from punched card equipment to electronic computer systems. Once limited to surfing the Web, browsers are becoming the universal software platform on which end users launch into information searches, E-mail, multimedia file transfer, discussion groups, and many other Internet, intranet, and extranet applications. Customers got a machine with a 233-MHz G3 processor, 4GB hard drive, 32MB of RAM, a CD-ROM drive, and a 15" monitor. By the mid-1960s, nearly half of all computers in the world were IBM 1401s. MOS 6502 ad from IEEE Computer, Sept. 1975. It had 32 KB of memory and sold for $8,000. The 501 is built on a 'building block' concept which allows it to be highly flexible for many different uses and could simultaneously control up to 63 tape drivesvery useful for large databases of information. The Altair had no keyboard and could not be connected to a television screen. Based on Charles Babbage's second design for a mechanical calculating engine, a team at the Science Museum in London sets out to prove that the design would have worked as planned. Many of the 1101s basic architectural details were used again in later Remington-Rand computers until the 1960s. The basic idea for bombes came from Polish code-breaker Marian Rejewski's 1938 "Bomba.". Developed by the Japanese government to create global climate models, the Earth Simulator is a massively parallel, vector-based system that costs nearly 60 billion yen (roughly $600 million at the time). The EDSAC project was led by Cambridge professor and director of the Cambridge Computation Laboratory, Maurice Wilkes. 40,000 were sold, including 10 to NASA for use on the Apollo space project. "Best study app ever! True/False False Mac OS X (now macOS) runs the same kernel used in its predecessor, Mac OS 9. The IBM PC-RT had 1 MB of RAM, a 1.2-megabyte floppy disk drive, and a 40 MB hard drive. Apple introduces their first ultra notebook a light, thin laptop with high-capacity battery. The project became the One Laptop per Child Consortium (OLPC) founded by Nicholas Negroponte, the founder of MIT's Media Lab. Students included future computing pioneers such as Maurice Wilkes, Claude Shannon, David Rees, and Jay Forrester. Based on the Intel 8008 microprocessor, the Micral is one of the earliest commercial, non-kit personal computers. Until the year 2000, it was the world's fastest supercomputer, able to achieve peak performance of 1.3 teraflops, (about 1.3 trillion calculations per second). The PowerBook 170 was the high-end model, featuring an active matrix display, faster processor, as well as a floating point unit. The device was considered the earliest non-kit personal computer. The TI99/4 had a wide variety of expansion boards, with an especially popular speech synthesis system that could also be used with TI's Speak & Spell educational game. The First Microcomputer: Altair 8800. The first Q1 microcomputer was delivered in December of 1972, making it the first, as far as he can tell. A special version, known as HARVEST, was developed for the US National Security Agency (NSA). The Nest allowed for remote access to a users homes thermostat by using a smartphone or tablet and could also send monthly power consumption reports to help save on energy bills. The PowerBook 100 was the entry-level machine, while the PowerBook 140 was more powerful and had a larger memory. Featuring the first graphical user interface (GUI) for IBM -compatible PCs, the Windows OS soon dominated the PC market. The Tandem-16 eventually led to the Non-Stop series of systems, which were used for early ATMs and to monitor stock trades. Of the following challenges, which one has not been identified as a challenge for students engaged in blended learning? Reduced instruction set computers (RISC) grow out of the observation that the simplest 20 percent of a computers instruction set does 80 percent of the work. The Apple Newton Personal Digital Assistant. 1945: Memex It managed Japan's first on-line, real-time reservation system for Kinki Nippon Railways in 1960. Once finally completed, it achieved a computational speed of 200 million instructions per second and 1 billion bits per second of I/O transfer via a unique combination of its parallel architecture and the overlapping or "pipelining" structure of its 64 processing elements. Demand called for more than 12,000 of the 1401 computers, and the machines success made a strong case for using general-purpose computers rather than specialized systems. service packs. While the PC Jr. sold poorly, the PC/AT sold in the millions. Constructed at MITs Lincoln Laboratory, the TX-0 moved to the MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics, where it hosted some early imaginative tests of programming, including writing a Western movie shown on television, 3-D tic-tac-toe, and a maze in which a mouse found martinis and became increasingly inebriated. The 48-bit machine used 92 point-contact transistors and 550 diodes. . About 50,000 were sold in Britain, primarily to hobbyists, and initially there was a long waiting list for the system. The system was kept at NASA Ames Research Center until 2013, when it was removed to make way for two new supercomputers. The PC Jr. is marketed as a home computer but is too expensive and limited in performance to compete with many of the other machines in that market. An ecologist, for example, could sprinkle thousands of motes from the air onto a field and measure soil and air temperature, moisture, and sunlight, giving them accurate real-time data about the environment. A total of ten Colossi were delivered, each using as many as 2,500 vacuum tubes. Hundreds of allied bombes were built in order to determine the daily rotor start positions of Enigma cipher machines, which in turn allowed the Allies to decrypt German messages. When connected to a color television set, the Apple II produced brilliant color graphics for the time. Started by a group of engineers that left Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), Data General designs the Nova minicomputer. This is likely the first example of remote access computing. Led by curator Doron Swade the team built Babbages machine in six years, using techniques that would have been available to Babbage at the time, proving that Babbages design was accurate and that it could have been built in his day. Building a computer into the watch form factor has been attempted many times but the release of the Apple Watch leads to a new level of excitement. The Video Display Module (VDM) marks the first implementation of a memory-mapped alphanumeric video display for personal computers. Powerful microcomputers developed for use by commercial, educational and government enterprises are called ____. Sun Microsystems grows out of this prototype. At MIT, researchers begin experimenting with direct keyboard input to computers, a precursor to todays normal mode of operation. Kilburn (left) and Williams in front of 'Baby'. The Pi weighed only 45 grams and initially sold for only $25-$35 U.S. Since the release of the Macintosh in 1984, Apple has placed emphasis on high-resolution graphics and display technologies. The 1101, designed by ERA but built by Remington-Rand, was intended for high-speed computing and stored 1 million bits on its magnetic drum, one of the earliest magnetic storage devices and a technology which ERA had done much to perfect in its own laboratories. The NeXT had three Motorola microprocessors and 8 MB of RAM. It was one of the first commercially available relational database management systems for microcomputers. True/False B. Description. To reduce its size, the traditional hard drive was replaced with a solid-state disk, the first mass-market computer to do so. B. Instead of designing a custom controller, two young engineers from Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) -- Gordon Bell and Edson de Castro -- do something unusual: they develop a small, general purpose computer and program it to do the job. MADDIDA was flown across the country for a demonstration to John von Neumann, who was impressed. On April 7, IBM announced five models of System/360, spanning a 50-to-1 performance range. microcomputer, an electronic device with a microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU). The Nova was first to employ medium-scale integration (MSI) circuits from Fairchild Semiconductor, with subsequent models using large-scale integrated (LSI) circuits. Originally a Cray XT3 system, the Jaguar is a massively parallel supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, a US science and energy research facility. Conceived in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation, this credit card-sized computer features ease of use and simplicity making it highly popular with students and hobbyists. Arduino soon became the main computer platform of the worldwide Maker movement. The machine had a fifty-foot long camshaft running the length of machine that synchronized the machines thousands of component parts and used 3,500 relays. Motorola went on to create the 68000 series, which became the basis for the Apple Macintosh line of computers. Many innovative programs were created for Johnniac, including the time-sharing system JOSS that allowed many users to simultaneously access the machine. data. Colossus reduced the time to break Lorenz messages from weeks to hours. The air defense system used two AN/FSQ-7 computers, each of which used a full megawatt of power to drive its 55,000 vacuum tubes, 175,000 diodes and 13,000 transistors. These microcomputers were often sold as "DIY" kits or pre-built machines in relatively small numbers in the mid-1970s.These systems were primarily used for teaching the use of microprocessors and supporting peripheral devices, and unlike home computers were rarely used with pre-written application software. C. Lenovo became the largest manufacturer of PCs in the world with the acquisition, later also acquiring IBM's server line of computers. Remington Rand eventually sold 46 Univac 1s at more than $1 million each. Acorn spun off ARM as its own company to license microprocessor designs, which in turn has transformed mobile computing with ARMs low power, high-performance processors and systems-on-chip (SoC). Physicist Stan Frankel, intrigued by small, general-purpose computers, developed the MINAC at Caltech. assist teachers in preparing student IEPs. Definition. Each Cray-1 took a full year to assemble and test and cost about $10 million. Windows NT was a version of Windows that included a graphical interface on top of a DOS kernel. The function of an output device is to: Selected Answer: Convert electronic information produced by the computer system into human-intelligible form for presentation to end-users. Its Williams-Kilburn tube memory system was later adopted by several other early computer systems around the world. The PowerBook line of computers was discontinued in 2006. The machine was expandable, with ports for cassette storage, serial interface and rudimentary networking. Johnniac was used for scientific and engineering calculations. More than one hundred Paragons were installed over the lifetime of the system, each costing as much as five million dollars. The Amiga sold for $1,295 (without monitor) and had audio and video capabilities beyond those found in most other personal computers. The electronic circuits (registers) of the arithmetic- logic unit perform both the arithmetic and logic functions needed for the software instructions to be executed. At its introduction, it was listed as the second fastest supercomputer in the world and this single system increased NASA's supercomputing capacity 10-fold. Its large scope intrigued early hackers at MIT, who wrote the first computerized video game, SpaceWar!, as well as programs to play music. The handbook is complemented by two companion documents: Microcomputers in Transit: A Software Handbook, and Microcomputers in Replacing their Archimedes computer, the RISC PC from UK's Acorn Computers uses the ARMv3 RISC microprocessor. Within a year, he had built the worlds first laser printer, launching a new era in computer printing, generating billions of dollars in revenue for Xerox. Spinning at 12,500 rpm, the 650s magnetic data-storage drum allowed much faster access to stored information than other drum-based machines. It was also one of the first computers to use all-diode logic, a technology more reliable than vacuum tubes. The dorm-room headquartered company sold IBM PC-compatible computers built from stock components. It was thus an important milestone in computing as soon Microsoft Windows and the Apple Macintosh would soon adopt the GUI as their user interface, making it the new paradigm for personal computing. The ASCI Red, based on the design of the Intel Paragon, was built by IBM and delivered to Sandia National Laboratories. mainframe computer. The Mark 1 was a refinement of the experimental Manchester Baby and Manchester Mark 1 computers, also at Manchester University. It was developed as a versatile instrument controller for HP's growing family of programmable test and measurement products. Almost a million units were ordered on the day of release. ENIAC used panel-to-panel wiring and switches for programming, occupied more than 1,000 square feet, used about 18,000 vacuum tubes and weighed 30 tons. Truong, founder and president of the French company R2E, created the Micral as a replacement for minicomputers in situations that did not require high performance, such as process control and highway toll collection. The first digital computer that could operate in real-time came out of Project Whirlwind, a initiative during World War II in which MIT worked with the U.S. Navy to develop a universal flight simulator. Introduced at the Altair Convention in Albuquerque in March 1976, the visual display module enabled the use of personal computers for interactive games. Paragon systems were used in many scientific areas, including atmospheric and oceanic flow studies, and energy research. After retiring their initial Visor series of PDAs, Handspring introduced the Treo line of smartphones, designed with built-in keyboards, cameras, and the Palm operating system. In October 2013, the one millionth Raspberry Pi was shipped. The 486 chips remained similar in structure to their predecessors, the 386 chips. It was sold exclusively in Japan, but could process alphabetic and Japanese kana characters. Intel and Zilog introduced new microprocessors. By 2011, over 2.4 million laptops had been shipped. What type of web-based creation is produced when a teacher has art students sketchnoting about a visiting artist's lecture? Simon featured on the November 1950 Scientific American cover, The hobbyist magazine Radio Electronics publishes Edmund Berkeley's design for the Simon 1 relay computer from 1950 to 1951. In all, about 200 of the boards were sold before Apple announced the follow-on Apple II a year later as a ready-to-use computer for consumers, a model which sold in the millions for nearly two decades. The Baby was built to test a new memory technology developed by Williams and Kilburn -- soon known as the Williams Tube which was the first high-speed electronic random access memory for computers. Sales were weaker than projected, despite being widely praised by the press for its active matrix display, removable trackball, and high performance. Steve Jobs, forced out of Apple in 1985, founds a new company NeXT. Daniel Hillis of Thinking Machines Corporation moves artificial intelligence a step forward when he develops the controversial concept of massive parallelism in the Connection Machine CM-1. Working under Tom Kilburn at Englands Manchester University, Richard Grimsdale and Douglas Webb demonstrate a prototype transistorized computer, the "Manchester TC", on November 16, 1953. The roots of the companys name came from the acronym for Stanford University Network (SUN). The first Kindle featured wireless access to content via Amazon.com, along with an SD card slot allowing increased storage. While many early digital computers were based on similar designs, such as the IAS and its copies, others are unique designs, like the CSIRAC. The TX-0 (Transistor eXperimental - 0) is the first general-purpose programmable computer built with transistors. The Z3, an early computer built by German engineer Konrad Zuse working in complete isolation from developments elsewhere, uses 2,300 relays, performs floating point binary arithmetic, and has a 22-bit word length. D. Their first product, the HP 200A Audio Oscillator, rapidly became a popular piece of test equipment for engineers. The 400 served primarily as a game console, while the 800 was more of a home computer. The most ambitious massively parallel computer at the time, the ILLIAC IV was plagued with design and production problems. Computer Science. Headquartered in Maynard, Massachusetts, Digital Equipment Corporation, took over 8,680 square foot leased space in a nineteenth century mill that once produced blankets and uniforms for soldiers who fought in the Civil War. Acorn's ARM RISC microprocessor is first used in the company's Archimedes computer system. The replica is currently on display at the Computer History Museum. most important part of computer. Though it used a proprietary operating system, RISC OS, the RISC PC could run PC-compatible software using the Acorn PC Card. Modeled after the Cambridge University EDSAC computer, the president of Lyons Tea Co. has the LEO built to solve the problem of production scheduling and delivery of cakes to the hundreds of Lyons tea shops around England. A British government contract spurred its initial development but a change in government led to loss of funding and the second and only other Mark I was sold at a major loss to the University of Toronto, where it was re-christened FERUT. The Motorola 68000 microprocessor exhibited a processing speed far greater than its contemporaries. It performed 2 million instructions per second, but other RISC-based computers worked significantly faster. T/F True You can save money on your data plan by using this type of connection whenever possible for connecting to the Internet. Designed by Don Lancaster, the TV Typewriter is an easy-to-build kit that can display alphanumeric information on an ordinary television set. Introduction of the iPhone 4 with retina display. From concept to finished system, SCAMP took only six months to develop. The Simon 1 used relay logic and cost about $600 to build. Palm could be connected to a PC or Mac using a serial port to synchronize sync both computer and Palm. The company sold about 200 machines, losing $500 per unit. One biblical scholar even used a Univac 1 to compile a concordance to the King James version of the Bible. Sun helped cement the model of a workstation having an Ethernet interface as well as high-resolution graphics and the UNIX operating system. Which of the following is one strategy often used in online courses to ensure academic integrity? Its founders were Ken and Stan Olsen, and Harlan Anderson. It was a commercial computer based on a microprocessor, the Intel 8008. If a social studies teacher wanted to poll students anonymously about their opinions on a local issue, what tool might she use to gather their data? IBM released a new operating system, OS/2, at the same time, allowing the use of a mouse with IBM PCs for the first time. It is recognized by the 2006 Guinness Book of World Records as the greatest selling single computer of all time. With a screen resolution of up to 400 pixels-per-inch (PPI), Retina displays approached the limit of pixel visibility to the human eye. At the 2006 World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) announces it will create a program to deliver technology and resources to targeted schools in the least developed countries. Selling for $1,750, the Micral never penetrated the U.S. market. Spectra systems were marketed on the basis of their compatibility with the IBM System/360 series of computer since it implemented the IBM 360 instruction set and could run most IBM software with little or no modification. An offshoot of the POWER XCell8i chip was used as the main processor in the Sony PlayStation 3 game console. Be, founded by former Apple executive Jean Louis Gasse and a number of former Apple, NeXT and SUN employees, releases their only product the BeBox. Called the Model K Adder because he built it on his Kitchen table, this simple demonstration circuit provides proof of concept for applying Boolean logic to the design of computers, resulting in construction of the relay-based Model I Complex Calculator in 1939. The machine used up to 65,536 one-bit processors and could complete several billion operations per second. Colligan, Dubinsky, Hawkins (left to right). Which of the following is not a quality to look for in well-developed tutorial software? IBMs 7000 series of mainframe computers are the companys first to use transistors. Friedl used the SCAMP prototype to gain approval within IBM to promote and develop IBMs 5100 family of computers, including the most successful, the 5150, also known as the IBM Personal Computer (PC), introduced in 1981. Of the following, which is one of the controversies surrounding use of word processing in schools? These are the two categories people usually use to describe tutorial software functions.

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